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关键词： Ancient grains   Ancient wheat   Consumer preferences   Nutritional properties   Sensory profiles   Wholegrain   TRITICUM-MONOCOCCUM L.   GLUTEN PROTEIN-COMPOSITION   PHENOLIC-ACID CONTENT   DURUM-WHEAT   WHOLE-GRAIN   CELIAC-DISEASE   DIETARY FIBER   COMMON WHEAT   BREAD-WHEAT   WILD EMMER  

摘要： Background: There is currently renewed interest in foods based on ancient cereals because consumers often consider such foods to be healthy and sustainable. Interest in ancient cereals is also growing among farmers and in the food industry due to increased demands for adaptability and the urgent need to preserve genetic diversity. Scope and approach: In this review, we attempt to summarise recent findings regarding the content of nutrients and bioactive compounds in ancient cereals and their potential impact on human health in comparison with modern varieties. A literature review was conducted by collecting, evaluating and analysing data from publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals written in English language. Key findings and conclusions: As indicated in several studies, ancient cereal varieties might have beneficial nutritional profile and consumers appreciate the taste and flavour of foods based on ancient cereals. These cereals have the potential to contribute to the improved sustainability and resilience of cropping systems. In addition, the production and consumption of foods based on ancient cereals indirectly encourages biodiversity, which has become a priority in environmental and organic farming circles. In conclusion, due to their unique nutritional value and phytochemical profile as well as their sensory characteristics, there is good potential for ancient cereals and associated products to become a part of a healthy diet.

关键词： Health   Hens   Phosphorus output   Phytate-degrading enzymes   Productivity  

摘要： Excessive fecal excretion of phosphorus (P) has increasingly become an environmental issue due to oversupply of P in layer rations, and thus it is imperative to minimize safety margins for P to ensure the sustainability of the egg industry. In this study, a 12-week feeding trial (22 to 34 weeks of age) was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytase supplementation on production performance, plasma biochemistry, egg and bone quality and P excretion of laying hens fed various levels of non-phytate P (NPP). Forty-eight Lohmann white laying hens were randomly allocated to one of six corn-soybean meal-oat-based diets: diets containing 2.0, 2.5 or 3.0 g/kg NPP without phytase, and diets containing 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g/kg NPP with phytase (1 000 U/kg diet) where phytase inclusion was expected to provide 1.0 g/kg NPP to laying hens, thus making the phytase-unsupplemented treatment served as a control for the phytase-supplemented treatment accordingly. Productive performance was recorded during the experimental period. Blood and egg samples were collected, and digestibility studies were conducted at weeks 6 and 12 of the experiment. Bone mineralization was evaluated at the end of the experiment. Egg weight and egg production, feed consumption, BW and feed conversion ratio of laying hens fed lower NPP diets supplemented with phytase were comparable to those of hens fed high NPP phytase-unsupplemented controls. Eggshell thickness, specific gravity, Haugh units, tibia bone mineral density, tibia ash percent, plasma P and other biochemical parameters were not significantly different among dietary treatments. Total P intake, excretion and retention were affected by diet (P < 0.001), but its deposition in eggs was not significantly different. Contrast analysis further showed that total P excretion of phytase present vs phytase absent was averagely reduced by 40.4 mg/hen per day (P < 0.01). Moreover, total P excretion was linearly (P < 0.01) reduced with lowering dietary NPP, and th

关键词： Biochemical methane production   Synthetic MSW   Waste to energy   Asian cities   Anaerobic digestion   Renewable energy   ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION   MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES   BIOGAS PRODUCTION   FOOD WASTE   ENERGY   BMP   BIOENERGY   OPTIONS   FEASIBILITY   PRINCIPLES  

摘要： Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rate in Asian cities is exponentially increasing with rise in urbanization and commercial activities. Beside this, the cities in developing Asia are deficient in adequate waste management and facing energy shortage as well. The ineffectual waste management practice is one of the main causative factors behind the negative repercussions on public health and environment. This paper provides an estimation of power generation potential along with economic and environmental benefits of biochemical methane pro-duction from MSW. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) test of the MSW generated in Karachi, Pakistan was conducted by using the fresh synthetic waste sample. Through the analysis of the results obtained in this study and available data of the MSW generation (quantity, organic fraction and moisture content) in Karachi it is estimated that, every year about 5600 tons of methane are being wasted to atmosphere adding enormous share in global climate change. This study estimated that, about 63 MWe electric power can be generated by establishing biowaste digestion plants with power generation facilities in the city. The generated power can contribute 2.1% share in daily power supply and 21% power shortage can be reduced as well. Additionally, about 401.3 million-PKRs (2.6 million-US$) revenue can be earned every year by selling the power generated by utilizing the MSW in waste to energy plants. Moreover, 0.13 Mt CO2-eq/annum greenhouse effect caused by methane emissions from open disposal of MSW can be eliminated.

关键词： Endoglucanase   Lignocellulose   Thermostable   Cellulase   PICHIA-PASTORIS   GENE CLONING   ENDOGLUCANASE   CELLULASES   BINDING   1,4-BETA-ENDOGLUCANASE   PURIFICATION   PROTEINS   DISEASE  

摘要： To develop new cellulases for efficient utilization of the lignocellulose, an endoglucanase (CoCel5A) gene fromColletotrichum orchidophilumwas synthesized and a recombinantPichia pastorisGS115/pPIC9K/cocel5A was constructed for secretory expression of CoCel5A. After purification, the protein CoCel5A was biochemically characterized. The endoglucanase CoCel5A exhibited the optimal activity at 55-75 degrees C and high thermostability (about 85% residual activity) at the temperature of 55 degrees C after incubation for 3 h. The highest activity of CoCel5A was detected when 100 mM citric acid buffer (pH 4.0-5.0) was used and excellent pH stability (up to 95% residual activity) was observed after incubation in 100 mM citric acid buffer (pH 3.0-6.0) at 4 degrees C for 24 h. Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (n = approx. 500) (CMC) and beta-d-glucan were the best substrates for CoCel5A among the tested substrates. The kinetic parametersV(max),K-m, andK(cat)/K(m)values against CMC were 290.70 U/mg, 2.65 mg/mL, and 75.67 mL/mg/s, respectively; and 228.31 U/mg, 2.06 mg/mL, and 76.45 mL/mg/s against beta-d-glucan, respectively, suggesting that CoCel5A has high affinity and catalytic efficiency. These properties supported the potential application of CoCel5A in biotechnological and environmental fields.

关键词： Growth   Hu male lambs   Meat quality   Protein level   Sheep   AMINO-ACID TRANSPORTERS   PERFORMANCE   ENERGY   TRAITS   DIGESTIBILITY   REQUIREMENTS   RESTRICTION   MAINTENANCE   EXPRESSION   NUTRITION  

摘要： This study investigated the effects of dietary protein levels on growth, carcass characteristics, serum biochemical index, and meat quality of Hu male lambs. Sixty lambs were randomly divided into 5 groups with 12 lambs in each group. The protein levels of the five diets were: 125 g/kg, 132 g/kg, 140 g/kg, 148 g/kg, and 156 g/kg. Fifteen lambs were slaughtered at the end of 70-d feeding experiment. Lambs fed 140 g/kg protein level diet had highest ADG (p = 0.058), and had lowest FCR (p = 0.079). The concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in 140g/kg protein level group was significantly higher than that in other groups (p = 0.002). The proportion of non-carcass fat ratio (p = 0.007), perirenal fat ratio (p = 0.013), heart (p = 0.023), and the proportion of mesenteric fat ratio (p = 0.074) linearly decreased with the increase of dietary protein level. The concentrations of blood glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in serum linearly decreased, and dietary protein was associated with quadratic decreases in lactic acid (LACT) (p = 0.018). Furthermore, the dietary protein levels had significant effects on amino acid, and fatty acid profiles of the longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle. Particularly the saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (p < 0.05) linearly decreased, the concentrations of Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Ala, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Lys, His, Arg, UFAs, PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, the ratio of PUFAs/SFAs, and Sigma n-6 / Sigma n-3 showed significant linear increases (p < 0.05). High dietary protein linearly increased the amounts of MYHCIIb (p = 0.023) but linearly decreased the abundance of MYHCIIx (p = 0.024) in BF muscle. These results provide a theoretical basis for optimizing feed formulation and promoting meat quality in growing Hu lambs.

关键词： Immunity   Nanoparticles   Vaccine   Pathogens   Prevention   VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES   MOLECULAR-PATTERNS   NANOPARTICLES   VACCINES   NANOVACCINE   ANTIBODY   ANTIBACTERIAL   EXPRESSION   PROTECTION   RESPONSES  

摘要： Nanomaterials have wide-ranging biomedical applications in prevention, treatment and control of diseases. Nanoparticle based vaccines have proven prodigious prophylaxis of various infectious and non-infectious diseases of human and animal concern. Nano-vaccines outnumber the conventional vaccines by virtue of plasticity in physio-chemical properties and ease of administration. The efficacy of nano-based vaccines may be attributed to the improved antigen stability, minimum immuno-toxicity, sustained release, enhanced immunogenicity and the flexibility of physical features of nanoparticles. Based on these, the nano-based vaccines have potential to evoke both cellular and humoral immune responses. Targeted and highly specific immunological pathways required for solid and long lasting immunity may be achieved with specially engineered nano-vaccines. This review presents an insight into the prevention of infectious diseases (of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin) and non-infectious diseases (cancer, auto-immune diseases) using nano-vaccinology. Additionally, key challenges to the effective utilization of nano-vaccines from bench to clinical settings have been highlighted as research domains for future.

关键词： Chlorpyrifos-ethyl   Detoxifying enzyme   Antioxidant enzyme   Bioremediation   G. pulex   GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE   CARP CYPRINUS-CARPIO   OXIDATIVE STRESS   GAMMARUS-PULEX   HUMAN EXPOSURE   DNA-DAMAGE   ATRAZINE   FISH   BIODEGRADATION   CHLORSULFURON  

摘要： This study reveals out detoxifying and antioxidant enzyme response of Gammarus pulexexposed/polluted to chlorpyrifos-ethyl insecticide before and after biodegradation/bioremediation byMethylobacterium radiotoleransandMicrobacterium arthrosphaerae. Cytochrome P450 1A1, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities inG. pulexexposed to chlorpyrifos-ethyl before and after bioremediation/biodegradation by these two bacteria during 24 and 96 h tested by using commercial ELISA kits. The activity of catalase enzyme was decreased depending on chlorpyrifos-ethyl before and after bioremediation/biodegradation the enzyme activity was increased repeatedly. Superoxide dismutase activity level increased after chlorpyrifos-ethyl exposure in 96 h (p> 0.05). Following bioremediation, superoxide dismutase enzyme activity decreased again during 24 h (p> 0.05) and increased during 96 h (p< 0.05). Statistical differences were not found in cytochrome P450 1A1 enzyme activity before and after the process (p> 0.05). No significant differences were determined during the activity of glutathione S-transferase in 24 h (p> 0.05). The activities of glutathione S-transferase were increased after exposure of chlorpyrifos-ethyl during 96 h. After bioremediation; the activity of glutathione S-transferase increased even more (p< 0.05). The results determined that activities ofG. pulexat superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase are common biomarkers for revealing out the efficiency of bioremediation of chlorpyrifos-ethyl with these two types of soil bacteria.

关键词： Hemolymph   Hemocytes   Biomimetic   Scaffolds   Biomaterials   Biomineralization   BIOMPHALARIA-GLABRATA GASTROPODA   HELIX-POMATIA HEMOCYANIN   SHELL-REPAIR MEMBRANE   ATRIAL GRANULAR-CELLS   CALCIUM-CARBONATE   LYMNAEA-STAGNALIS   ACHATINA-FULICA   ECHINOSTOMA-PARAENSEI   MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION   ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES  

摘要： Molluscan hemolymph is a unique kind of body fluid, which in many respects is analogous to human blood, although there are several crucial differences. Here, for the first time, we critically analyze the prospects for applications of this fluid in modern biomaterials science. Particular attention is paid to the biochemistry and chemistry of molluscan hemolymph, as well as to hemocytes and hemocyanins as key functional players within this unique biological fluid. We focus on hemocytes as multifunctional hemolytic cells involved in immune response, and especially in the biomineralization process. The next part of the review contains a discussion of molluscan shell formation and regeneration from different points of view. Finally, we consider the challenges, solutions, and future directions in the application of molluscan hemolymph for bioinspired material chemistry and biomedicine.

关键词： schizophrenia   hyperhomocysteinemia   cobalamin   folates   personalized psychiatry   METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE   PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE   ASSOCIATION   POLYMORPHISM  

摘要： A range of foreign studies have shown that, in schizophrenia, hyperhomocysteinemia occurs more frequently than in the general population. Hyperhomocysteinemia may be an integrated marker of folate metabolism disorders (as a result of vitamin deficiency and/or genetic predisposition) or involved in the pathogenesis of the disease through several possible molecular mechanisms. In Russia, similar studies have not been conducted. In addition, there are conflicting results of studies on genetic factors involved in folate and homocysteine metabolism in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to evaluate an association of serum homocysteine, folate, and cobalamin levels with schizophrenia in the Central part of Russia (Nizhny Novgorod region). For this purpose, 50 patients with schizophrenia and 36 healthy volunteers were randomly selected. The levels of homocysteine, folates and cobalamin (B12) were measured in blood serum. The concentration of homocysteine was measured using the Cobas analyzer (Roche Diagnostics) with an enzymatic assay. The content of folate and vitamin B12 was determined by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (Architect, Abbott lab. S.A). It was found that the level of homocysteine was significantly higher in the patients than in the control group (p = 0.0041), and folate levels were significantly lower (p = 0.0072). The level of homocysteine in the patients had a weak negative statistically significant correlation with both folate level (rho = -0.38; p = 0.0063) and with B12 level (rho = -0.36; p = 0.0082). Homocysteine level was significantly higher in men than in women in the entire studied population (Z = -2.1068, p = 0.0351), as well as in subgroups of patients (Z = -2.11; p = 0.035) and healthy controls (z = 3.4; p = 0.00067). The data suggest the need for further investigation of hyperhomocysteinemia and other biochemical markers of folate metabolism disorders in schizophrenia in the Russian population and the development of ways to corr