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关键词： Biochemical metabolites   Host-plant resistance   Morphophysiological traits   Shoot fly   Sorghum   HELICOVERPA-ARMIGERA   ATHERIGONA-SOCCATA   PLANT DEFENSE   RESISTANCE   MECHANISMS   PHENOLICS  

摘要： Shoot fly [Atherigona soccata(Rondani)] is a destructive pest of sorghum at the seedling stage and causes huge losses to grain yield and green fodder. The host-plant resistance mechanism is the best approach to reduce the attack of insects in plants. The damage parameters, morphophysiological traits, and biochemical metabolites had been investigated in the leaves and stem of contrasting sorghum genotypes, viz., resistant (IS18551, ICSV705, ICSV700), moderately resistant (PSC-4), and susceptible (SWARNA and SL-44) at 15 and 21 days after emergence (DAE) against shoot fly infestation. The resistant genotypes recorded lowest shoot fly oviposition and incidence (0.3-0.7 eggs plant(-1)and 10-15%) than the susceptible genotypes (2.4-3.0 eggs plant(-1)and 70-80%), respectively. The susceptible genotype SWARNA recorded 50% and 80% higher deadheart formation than the resistant genotype IS18551 at 15 and 21 DAE, respectively. Resistant genotypes exhibited higher trichome density at adaxial and abaxial part of leaf (118-145 and 106-131) with pink colored leaf sheath (scale 1.50-3.25), glossy leaves (scale1.00-1.25), and lower leaf surface wetness (scale1.25-2.00) compared with susceptible genotype with 49.3-73.3 and 25.3-64.0, scale 2.50-4.00, scale 2.75-3.50, and scale 3.25-4.25 for the respective parameters. Another defense response of sorghum toward the insect attack was modulation of plant metabolism. The infested genotypes responded to insect attack by upregulation of total soluble sugar, total phenol, prussic acid, and chlorophyll content by 1.2-2.1-fold, 1.5-2.0-fold, 1.2-1.3-fold, and 1.2-3.9-fold with more induction in susceptible genotypes at 21 DAE. On the whole, the present study indicates that morphophysiological and biochemical attributes contribute toward the resistance mechanism in sorghum against shoot fly infestation.

关键词： B. Variegata   Phytochemicals   HPLC   Antioxidants   Hepatoprotective effect   ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY   ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES   IN-VITRO   FLAVONOIDS   SUPEROXIDE   QUERCETIN   LEAVES   PLANTS   ACIDS   ROOT  

摘要： Liver disorders may occur as a result of exposure to chemical compounds capable of inducing the oxidative stress and hepatic injuries. The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of flower extracts of B. Variegata for the treatment of liver injury induced by the CCl4. About 1 ml/kg body weight (b.w) of CCl4 was induced to experimental mice by intraperitoneal way for 14 days. The methanol and chloroform extracts (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg b.w) were administered to experimental animals for 14 days along with standard drug Silymarine (100 mg/kg b.w). The extracts alone showed no evidence of hepatic toxicity but animals exposed to CCl4 without the treatment with B. Variegata presented variations in levels of liver enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, proteins and blood cells as well as injuries in liver cells were also observed during histopathological study. However, after the treatments especially with 300 mg/kg b.w of methanol flower extracts levels of liver markers (ALT, AST and ALP), antioxidant enzymes and blood cells decreases and turned towards normal levels. Whereas level of total proteins and bilirubin was improved and damaged liver cells were repaired. The curative activity of flower extracts can be correlated to the higher potential of antioxidants and occurrence of Quercetin and some other organic compounds those were investigated from flower extracts of B. Variegata during HPLC and GC-MS analysis. The finding of this study supports the use of B. Variegata flower formulation in folk medicines. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.

关键词： adaptation strategies   type of photosynthesis   life form   salt accumulation   halophytes   physiological and biochemical parameters  

摘要： The relationship is studied between the physiological and biochemical characteristics of different ecological halophyte groups and their adaptive strategies (determined by the type of adaptation to soil salinity, type of photosynthesis, and life form). It is found that the key parameters that determine the formation of different adaptation strategies of halophytes are the rate of CO2 gas exchange, content of chlorophylls a + b, and cell membrane permeability. At the same time, different adaptation strategies of halophytes significantly differ in the pattern and range of variation in their physiological and biochemical characteristics, which indicates different manifestations of adaptation mechanisms and deeper ecological differentiation of individual halophyte species and groups.

关键词： Pharmacokinetics   Therapeutic Drug Monitoring   Inflammatory Bowel Diseases   Prognostic Factor   FECAL CALPROTECTIN   MAINTENANCE THERAPY   ASSOCIATION   OUTCOMES   ASSAYS  

摘要： BACKGROUND & AIMS: Little is known about the relationship between ustekinumab exposure during the first 2 weeks of treatment and outcomes of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). We investigated the relationship between serum concentrations of ustekinumab during the first 2 weeks of treatment and endoscopic and biochemical remission in patients with CD. METHODS: In a prospective observational study, we measured concentrations of ustekinumab in serum samples from 41 consecutive patients who started treatment with ustekinumab (approximately 6 mg/kg, intravenously, then 90 mg every 8 weeks), due to endoscopic markers of active CD, at a single center from October 2017 through January 2019. We measured ustekinumab exposure parameters during the first 2 weeks (peak concentration measured immediately after intravenous infusion, week 2 concentration, and area under the curve through week 2). We investigated the correlation between these parameters and endoscopic remission (simple endoscopic score for CD scores of 3 or less without ulceration, assessed centrally) and biochemical remission (level of fecal calprotectin below 100 mg/kg) using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Endoscopic remission was achieved in 10 patients (24.4%) at week 24; biochemical remission was achieved in 17 patients (41.5%) at week 8, 17 patients (41.5%) at week 16, and 21 patients (51.2%) at week 24. Peak concentrations associated with endoscopic remission (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.717; 95% CI, 0.517-0.916); 6 of 13 patients (46%) with peak concentrations above 105 mg/mL (upper tercile) achieved endoscopic remission, compared with only 1 of 14 patients (7%) with peak concentrations below 88 mg/mL (lower tercile). All exposure parameters during the first 2 weeks were associated with biochemical remission. There was no significant difference between the associations of peak concentrations, week-2 concentrations, area under the curve through week 2, or later exposure measu

关键词： beta-carotene   Phycocyanin   Spirulina platensis   Immune-oxidative stress biomarkers   Genes expression   Fish   ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS WALBAUM   SHRIMP LITOPENAEUS-VANNAMEI   GROWTH-PERFORMANCE   C-PHYCOCYANIN   RAINBOW-TROUT   ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE   DISEASE RESISTANCE   CHLORELLA-VULGARIS   BACILLUS-SUBTILIS   BODY-COMPOSITION  

摘要： The current trial investigated the roles of beta-carotene and phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina platensis on growth, serum biochemical, digestive enzymes, antioxidant defense, immune responses, and immune gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish (1.52 +/- 0.10 g) were randomly stocked to three treatments with three replicates (12 fish per replicate) in nine aquaria (60 L glass aquarium for each), and reared for 70-days. Three tested diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic, and were offered for experimental fish until ad-libitum three times daily at 09:00 a.m., 11.00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. The first diet (control) was without supplementation. About 50 mg beta-carotene and 50 mg phycocyanin kg(-1) were supplemented to the other experimental diets, respectively. Results indicated that feed intake was not (P 0.05) differ among experimental diets. Compared to control diet wight gain and specific growth rate were significantly (P < 0.05) in fish fed diet containing beta-carotene, while, the highest weight gain and the best FCR were detected in phycocyanin diet. Survival fish among treatments was significantly (P < 0.05) differ and the highest survival rate was showed in fish fed diet supplemented with phycocyanin. Either 8-carotene or phycocyanin significantly (P < 0.05) improved the intestinal digestive enzymes compared with control diet, where the highest values of chymotrypsin, trypsin, lipase and amylase were noticed in fish fed phycocyanin. Diets supplemented with beta-carotene and phycocyanin significantly (P < 0.05) improved hematology parameters contents compared with to the control diet, and the best contents were detected in fish fed diet supplemented with phycocyanin. The highest significant (P < 0.05) phagocytic, lysozyme, immunoglobulin M (IgM), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activities were recorded in diet supplemented with phycocyanin. The trans

关键词： Gastric bypass   Bariatric surgery   Body composition   Nutritional status   Biochemical parameters   BARIATRIC SURGERY   WEIGHT-LOSS   SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY   OBESE-PATIENTS   LIPID PROFILE   PATIENT   MASS   COMPLICATIONS   MALNUTRITION   MUSCLE  

摘要： Background/Aim Little data is available on body composition and biochemical parameter changes after one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) surgery. This study was therefore conducted to assess body composition and biochemical parameter changes in patients who underwent OAGB. The relationship between the percentage of total weight loss (%TWL) with percentage changes in body composition and biochemical parameters was measured in the first year after surgery. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was carried out on 363 patients (mean age 39.93 +/- 9.98 years) who underwent OAGB between January 2011 and November 2018. Anthropometric, body composition and biochemical measurements were recorded before and 1 year after surgery. For paired data, a paired samplettest or Wilcoxon test was used. Spearman or Pearson correlation test was used to evaluate the relationship between % TWL and changes in body composition and biochemical parameters. Results The average %TWL at 1 year following surgery was 35.72 +/- 6.85. Fat and muscle tissue and also serum levels of glycemic parameters, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, zinc, albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet had decreased a year after OAGB (P < 0.05). The postoperative levels of HDL-c, vitamins D, B12, and folic acid were dramatically higher than the preoperative values. Higher %TWL significantly correlated to greater decreases in body fat, muscle mass, and serum TG at 1 year post-surgery, compared to preoperative values. Conclusion OAGB may be effective over a follow-up period of 1 year in achieving weight, fat mass reduction, and improved serum levels of glycemic parameters and lipid profiles.

关键词： Trichoderma harzianum   Chimeric chit42   Defense-related gene   Real-time PCR   Rhizoctonia solani   Volatile compounds   VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS   CELL-WALL PROTEIN   RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI   SALICYLIC-ACID   PLANT-GROWTH   BIOCONTROL   RESISTANCE   ATROVIRIDE   FUNGUS   ANTIFUNGAL  

摘要： Trichoderma species as biocontrol agents protect plants against several pathogens via multiple mechanisms. This study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro biocontrol activities and, as well as in vivo induction of systemic resistance of Phaseolus vulgaris L. by two Trichoderma harzianum transformants overexpressing a chimeric chitinase42 with chitin binding domain (T13 and T15) and wild-type (Tw) strain with and without Rhizoctonia solani. In order to achieve this goal, T. harzianum strains were compared in vitro for their potential to antagonize activity against R. solani. Also, the expression of biocontrol-associated genes (chit42 and qid74) and the volatile compounds (VOCs) profile with biocontrol activity was analyzed from T. harzianum strains. The real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of defense-related genes involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR) pathways. The results showed that recombinant strains T15 (92%) and T13 (85%) had the higher inhibitory effects against R. solani compared to the Tw strain. Also, gene expression analysis of T. harzianum revealed the up-regulation of biocontrol-associated genes in recombinant strains. Analysis of VOCs from three T. harzianum strains identified a total of twenty-two compounds, including five that were produced by all of them .VOCs analysis of recombinant strains revealed the production of compounds, like caryophyllene oxide, 2-methyl-1-butanol, alpha-farnesene, and beta-bisabolene. These compounds had been reported to induce plant defensive reactions against stress. Inoculation of plants with T13 and specially T15 strains, restricted the R. solani growth. Treatment of bean plants with recombinant strains led to increase in protection mechanisms including enhanced defense enzymes activity and higher expression of defense-related genes, as compared with Tw. The ability of recombinant strains to have better colonization within the soil and the root surface, describes

关键词： Rhyzopertha dominica   alpha-Amylase isoforms   alpha-Amylase inhibitors   Wheat varieties   Biochemical properties   Kinetic properties   LESSER GRAIN BORER   TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM   PIRIMIPHOS-METHYL   COLEOPTERA BOSTRICHIDAE   POSTHARVEST RESISTANCE   INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY   PHOSPHINE RESISTANCE   DIGESTIVE ENZYMES   EFFICACY   PURIFICATION  

摘要： The present study was accomplished to gain insights into the biochemical and kinetic properties of Rhyzopertha dominica's alpha-amylase isoforms (named RdA70, RdA79, and RdA90) expressed in progenies reared in wheat varieties differing in alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. An inverse relationship was observed between the progenies' amylase activity and the wheat inhibitory activity. Wheat samples with a high and low infestation (named HI-Borlaug and LI-Villa Juarez, respectively) were chosen to simplify the study. The progenies amylases were isolated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, while the wheat samples were analyzed in alpha-amylase inhibitory activity by size exclusion chromatography. The isoforms RdA70 and RdA90 from LI-Villa Juarez progeny showed higher enzyme activities (73.8 and 43.4%, respectively) than those from HI-Borlaug. When the amylase isoforms were tested in susceptibility to inhibition by the inhibitory albumins, those from LI-Villa Juarez were more susceptible than those of the HI-Borlaug. Determination of the kinetic parameters revealed that RdA70 from the HI-Borlaug progeny showed 3.0-fold less starch affinity than that from the LI-Villa Juarez (K-m of 12.3 +/- 1.8 versus 4.0 +/- 0.3). The rest of the alpha-amylases did not show the same pattern as RdA70 in the HI-Bourlag as that their starch affinity was further reduced (RdA79 K-m = 23.1 +/- 4.3, RdA90 K-m = 17.1 +/- 2.9). Estimation of IC50 values confirmed the high sensitivity of the three alpha-amylases of the LI-Villa Juarez progeny to wheat alpha-amylase inhibitors. The inhibitor constant K-i was the lowest for RdA70 in the LI-Villa Juarez progeny indicating the inhibitor' tight binding to that isoenzyme. These results suggest that R. dominica uses RdA70 to bind large amounts of wheat alpha-amylase inhibitors than RdA79 and RdA90 as a physiological defense mechanism. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Prostate cancer   Stereotactic body radiation therapy   SBRT   Dose-escalation   Dose-response   Biochemical control   RADIATION-THERAPY   FRACTIONATION   ALPHA/BETA  

摘要： Background and purpose: The optimal dose for prostate stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is still unknown. This study evaluated the dose-response relationships for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decay and biochemical recurrence (BCR) among 4 SBRT dose regimens. Materials and methods: In 1908 men with low-risk (50.0%), favorable intermediate-risk (30.9%), and unfavorable intermediate-risk (19.1%) prostate cancer treated with prostate SBRT across 8 institutions from 2003 to 2018, we examined 4 regimens (35 Gy/5 fractions [35/5, n = 265, 13.4%], 36.25 Gy/5 fractions [36.25/5, n = 711, 37.3%], 40 Gy/5 fractions [40/5, n = 684, 35.8%], and 38 Gy/4 fractions [38/4, n = 257, 13.5%]). Between dose groups, we compared PSA decay slope, nadir PSA (nPSA), achievement of nPSA <= 0.2 and <= 0.5 ng/mL, and BCR-free survival (BCRFS). Results: Median follow-up was 72.3 months. Median nPSA was 0.01 ng/mL for 38/4, and 0.17-0.20 ng/mL for 5-fraction regimens (p < 0.0001). The 38/4 cohort demonstrated the steepest PSA decay slope and greater odds of nPSA <= 0.2 ng/mL (both p < 0.0001 vs. all other regimens). BCR occurred in 6.25%, 6.75%, 3.95%, and 8.95% of men treated with 35/5, 36.25/5, 40/5, and 38/4, respectively (p = 0.12), with the highest BCRFS after 40/5 (vs. 35/5 hazard ratio [HR] 0.49, p = 0.026; vs. 36.25/5 HR 0.42, p = 0.0005; vs. 38/4 HR 0.55, p = 0.037) including the entirety of follow-up, but not for 5-year BCRFS (>= 93% for all regimens, p >= 0.21). Conclusion: Dose-escalation was associated with greater prostate ablation and PSA decay. Dose-escalation to 40/5, but not beyond, was associated with improved BCRFS. Biochemical control remains excellent, and prospective studies will provide clarity on the benefit of dose-escalation. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 生物化学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787122377791

摘要： 本书主要介绍了核酸类、蛋白质类、糖类、脂类以及维生素类五类生化物质的综合实验项目。本教材侧重介绍核酸类、蛋白质类的综合实验项目，如实验项目：真核生物的分子鉴定，细菌发育树构建与分析，精氨酸激酶和苹果酸脱氢酶的酶活性研究。由问题引入式的方法介绍每一项实验，激发学生的兴趣，每一类综合实验又包含多个供学生动手实践的具体实验，理论与实践有机结合，内容简明、清晰，可操作性强。