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关键词： Leptospira   Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)   LAL assay   FTIR   NMR   HOG  

摘要： Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major surface antigen of Leptospira. In this study, the genes involved in the LPS biosynthesis were analyzed and compared by bioinformatics tools. Also, the chemical composition analysis of leptospiral lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from 5 pathogenic serovars like Autumnalis, Australis, Ballum, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, and the nonpathogenic serovar Andamana was performed. Methods used were Limulus amebocyte lysate assay (LAL), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). LAL assay showed a significantly higher level of endotoxicity among pathogenic serovars (-0.490 EU/mL) than that of nonpathogenic Andamana (-0.102 EU/mL). FAMES analysis showed the presence of palmitic acid (C16:0), hydroxy lauric acid (3-OH C12:0), and oleic acid (C18:0). Palmitoleic acid (C16: 1), and 3hydroxy palmitate (3-OH-C16:0) was detected only in pathogenic serovars. In contrast myristoleic acid (C14:1) and stearic acid (C18:0) were present in Andamana. FTIR analysis revealed C-O-C stretch of esters, 3 degrees ROH functional groups and carbohydrate vibration range were similar among pathogenic serovars. The NMR analysis reveals similarity for 6 deoxy sugars and methyl groups of Autumnalis, Australis, and Ballum. Further, the presence of palmitoleic acid and 3-hydroxy palmitate may be the significant pathogen-associated predisposing factor. This mediates high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) mediated stress response in leptospiral LPS mediated pathogenesis.

关键词： Aluminum chloride   Biochemistry   Histopathological   Toxicity  

摘要： This study aimed to evaluate the effect of daily sublethal doses of aluminum (Al) on hematological, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral changes in male albino Wistar rats. In addition, Al tissue accumulation and histopathological changes in the cerebral cortex, liver, and kidney were examined. The rats were randomly separated into three groups. Group 1 included rats who received the median deadly dose (LD50) of aluminum chloride (AlCl3), group 2 served as the control, and group 3 was treated with a non-lethal dose of AlCl3 (1.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 45 days. At defined time intervals, hepatic and renal specific enzymes and biochemical activity were measured. In addition, we examined Al accumulation, the condition of the liver via histological methods, and the impact on the cerebral cortex. In comparison to the controls, rats treated with AlCl3 exhibited a rise in AST, ALT, and ALP enzyme activity. We also saw a significant decrease in body weight and a decrease in total protein, lipids, cholesterol, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), RBCs, and Hb levels compared to the control group. Histopathological examination suggested severe changes in the liver, kidney, and cerebral cortex of the rats. The current study indicates that sublethal daily exposure to AlCl3 causes hazardous effects, as increased Al concentration in the body is shown to induce detrimental biochemical and histological changes as well as decreased body weight. Therefore, careful attention should be given to treatments requiring long exposure in patients and the potential for accumulation via food and drinking.

关键词： Adhatoda vasica   UV-B   Antioxidants   Secondary metabolites   Metabolic profile  

摘要： In the present study, the effects of elevated UV-B (eUV-B;ambient +/- 7.2 kJ m(-2) day(-1)) were evaluated on the biochemical and metabolic profile of Adhatoda vasica Nees. (an indigenous medicinal plant) at different growth stages. The results showed reduction in superoxide radical production rate, whereas increase in the content of hydrogen peroxide which was also substantiated by the histochemical localization. Malondialdehyde content, which is a measure of oxidative stress, did not show significant changes at any of the growth stages however photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content showed reduction at all growth stages under eUV-B exposure. Increased activities of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were noticed except ascorbic acid, which was reduced under eUV-B exposure. The metabolic profile of A. vasica revealed 43 major compounds (assigned under different classes) at different growth stages. Triterpenes, phytosterols, unsaturated fatty acids, diterpenes, tocopherols, and alkaloids showed increment, whereas reduction in saturated fatty acids and sesquiterpenes were observed under eUV-B treatment. Vasicinone and vasicoline, the two important alkaloids of A. vasica, showed significant induction under eUV-B exposure as compared to control. Treatment of eUV-B leads to the synthesis of some new compounds, such as oridonin oxide (diterpene) and alpha-Bisabolol oxide-B (sesquiterpene), which possess potent anti-inflammatory and anticancerous activities. The study displayed that differential crosstalk between antioxidants and secondary metabolites at different growth stages, were responsible for providing protection to A. vasica against eUV-B induced oxidative stress and enhancing its medicinal properties.

关键词： Anemia   Beetroot   Pomace   Phenylhydrazine   Hematological analysis   Blood biochemical analysis  

摘要： The present study incorporated beetroot pomace powder in biscuit preparation at concentrations of 5-20%. Biscuits' chemical composition, and sensory were evaluated. A feeding experiment was conducted using three groups (n = 3);control and anemic (An+) groups fed a standard diet, and anemic group fed 90% standard-diet and 10% biscuit containing 15% pomace (AnB). Anemia induced by injecting rats with phenylhydrazine (40 mg/kg) for two consecutive days. Hematological and biochemical blood parameters were determined at days 3, 14, and 28. An enhancement in protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, and iron was observed in the biscuit by increasing the pomace. Consuming biscuits containing 15% pomace increased hemoglobin, RBCs, and antioxidant enzymes in (AnB) rats after 28 days. The minor kidney and liver dysfunction in the anemic groups were recovered in (AnB) after 28 days. Consequently, incorporation beet pomace in biscuit revealed a promising role in anemia treatment and oxidative stress managing.

关键词： Bioaccumulation   Biochemical compounds   Fish   Food safety   India   Trace metals  

摘要： This study seeks to evaluate levels of seven trace metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg) and biochemical (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) alterations in muscle tissue of 27 commercially important fish species collected from 6 different estuaries along the west coast of India. Estuaries along the central west coast of India (Maharashtra coast) receive wastewater from agricultural, domestic and industrial sources. The study was performed using ICP-OES, GF-AAS, FIMS and an UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The obtained results revealed that the abundance of trace metals and biochemical compounds in fish tissue followed the order: Fe (370.0 +/- 6.0 mu g/g) > Zn (92.0 +/- 4.2 mu g/g) > Mn (23.0 +/- 1.24 mu g/g) > Cu (27.9 +/- 1.8 mu g/g) > Cr (1.2 +/- 0.18 mu g/g) > Pb (0.28 +/- 0.06 mu g/g) > Hg (0.09 +/- 0.01 mu g/g) and proteins (43.5 +/- 1.6 mg/g) > lipids (23.6 +/- 1.6 mg/g) > carbohydrates (3.9 +/- 1.8 mg/g). The results indicate that various levels of trace metals exist in the studied fish species, but the concentrations are within permissible limits set by the USFDA, FAO/WHO, and EU for human consumption, except Mn (< 1.0 mu g/g) and Fe (< 100.0 mu g/g) in some of the species. Cu (r = - 0.39) and Zn (r = - 0.85) showed a negative correlation with total carbohydrates (n = 120;p < 0.05), indicating that accumulation of Cu and Zn can impact the metabolic characteristics of the fish. Results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted the same point source for these metals as influenced by anthropogenic processes.

关键词： Xenoestrogen   Glyphosate   Fragrance   Mixture   Mussel   Biomarker  

摘要： In this study the effects of a mixture of glyphosate (herbicide), 17a-ethinylestradiol (synthetic estrogen) and amyl salicylate (fragrance) to the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis were evaluated. Mussels were exposed for 7 days to two realistic concentrations of the mixture (10 and 100 ng/L) and the effects on total haemocyte counts, haemocyte diameter and volume, haemocyte proliferation, haemolymph lactate dehydrogenase activity and haemocyte lysate lysozyme activity were measured. In addition, superoxide dismutase, catalase, acetylcholinesterase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities were measured in gills and digestive gland. The survival-in-air test was also performed. Results demonstrated that the mixture affected both cellular and biochemical biomarkers, but not tolerance to aerial exposure of M. galloprovincialis. The negative effects recorded in this study suggested that more efforts should be done to assess the ecotoxicological risks posed by contaminant mixture to aquatic invertebrates.

关键词： Composting   Agricultural wastes   Bacterial community   Enzymatic activity   Biodegradation  

摘要： Multiple types of biochemical parameters were determined in the course of the composting process with rice straw and Chinese traditional medicine residues as substrates. The water-soluble fractions (WSFs) were analyzed by excitation-emission-matrix fluorescence (EEM-FL), and the maximum PV/III value (1.2) was observed in thermophilic phase (THP). Bacterial community analysis results indicated that the genera with the capacity of degrading lignocellulose dominated in mesophilic phase (MEP) and THP. The metabolic pathways based on KEGG analysis revealed that the amino acid, carbohydrate and energy metabolism pathways in THP were higher than the other two phases. The correlation analysis between EEM-FL and the bacterial community revealed that the genera with high abundances in the THP were significantly positively correlated with fulvic acid-like materials and humic acid-like organics. The quantification results of the lignocellulose-degrading genes in different phases further verified the key functional bacteria obtained by correlation analysis during the composting process.

关键词： Aspergillus terreus   Penicillium copticola   tyrosinase   kojic acid   undecanoic acid  

摘要： Tyrosinase is a copper-containing monooxygenase catalyzing the O-hydroxylation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine then to dopaquinone that is profoundly involved in melanin synthesis in eukaryotes. Overactivation of tyrosinase is correlated with hyperpigmentation that is metabolically correlated with severe pathological disorders, so, inhibition of this enzyme is the most effective approach in controlling the overproduction of melanin and its hazardous effects. Thus, searching for a powerful, selective inhibitor of human tyrosinase to limit the hyper-synthesis of melanin is a challenge. Unlike the difficulty of overexpression of human tyrosinase, using fungal tyrosinase as a model enzyme to the human one to evaluate the mechanistics of enzyme inhibition in response to various compounds is the most feasible strategy. Thus, the purification of highly catalytic-efficient fungal tyrosinase, exploring a novel inhibitor, and evaluating the mechanistics of enzyme inhibition are the main objectives of this work. Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium copticola were reported as the most potential tyrosinase producers. The biochemical properties suggest that this enzyme displays a higher structural and catalytic proximity to human tyrosinase. Upon nutritional bioprocessing by Plackett-Burman design, the yield of tyrosinase was increased by about 7.5-folds, compared to the control. The purified tyrosinase was strongly inhibited by kojic acid and A. flavus DCM extracts with IC50 values of 15.1 and 12.6 mu g/mL, respectively. From the spectroscopic analysis, the main anti-tyrosinase compounds of A. flavus extract was resolved, and verified as undecanoic acid. Further studies are ongoing to unravel the in vivo effect and cytotoxicity of this compound in fungi and human, that could be a novel drug to various diseases associated with hyperpigmentation by melanin.

关键词： Acute phase proteins   Creatine kinase   Lactate dehydrogenase   Pig health   Pork quality   Serological testing  

摘要： This study examined the relationship between lung lesion severity and presence of antibodies of various respiratory pathogens, and the effects of lung lesion severity on growth performance, biochemical indicators, total aerobe counts, and carcass and meat quality indicators in total of 240 slaughter pigs originating from two farms with similar rearing conditions. Lung lesion severity was calculated based on the degree of pneumonia and pleurisy in slaughtered pigs. Two-step cluster analysis was used to place individual pigs to four clusters according to pneumonia and pleurisy scores: no lung lesions (cluster 1);mild lung lesions (cluster 2);moderate lung lesions (cluster 3);and severe lung lesions (cluster 4). ANOVA and post hoc pairwise comparisons using Tukey?s test were performed to assess the differences between clusters in examined variables. Multivariate linear regression analysis was run to identify associations between lung lesions and examined variables. There was a strong evidence of association between the absence of lung lesions and increased albumin, sodium and chloride levels, daily weight gain, live weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, loin thickness and carcass lean content, and decreased haptoglobin, CK and LDH levels. Also, pigs without lung lesions produced the highest percentage of red, firm and nonexudative pork. Pigs having severe lung lesions had the highest percentage of simultaneously seropositive samples to SIV, PRRSV, PCV-2, PRCV, APP and M. hyopneumoniae. There was a strong evidence of association between the presence of severe lung lesions and decreased lactate, glucose, sodium, chloride and albumine levels, daily weight gain, live weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, loin thickness and carcass lean content, and increased CK, LDH and haptoglobin levels. There was a strong evidence of association between the presence of severe lung lesions in slaughered pigs and increased meat pH and sensory colour scores, and decre

关键词： Acetamiprid   N-Acetylcysteine   S-methylcysteine   Oxidative stress   Histopathology   Rat  

摘要： The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and S methyl-L-cysteine (SMC) against hepatic oxidative stress and brain damage induced by acetamiprid (ACP) in rats, which were evaluated by histopathological changes, measuring serum biomarkers and antioxidant defense systems. In this study, 42 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups and administered by intraperitoneally for one week: the control group, the sham group (normal saline), ACP alone (5 mg/ kg) (group1), NAC alone (160 mg/kg) (group2), ACP + SMC (100 mg/kg) (group3), ACP + NAC (group 4) and ACP + NAC + SMC (group 5). Our results showed that acetamiprid induces liver injures including infiltration of inflammatory cells, congestion and altered histo-architecture and brain damages including gliosis, hyperemia and necrosis. The biochemical analyses showed that acetamiprid significantly altered the structural and biochemical profiles of liver which may be due to the loss of integrity of cell membranes. Furthermore, antioxidant parameters results of ACP group revealed that glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels decreased significantly, while lipid peroxidation (LPO) content and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) activities increased in both tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting tissue oxidative damage, which was also confirmed histopathological. Conversely, administration of NAC and SMC ameliorated LPO, GSH content and antioxidant enzymes system considerably (P < 0.05) in both tissues. Moreover, NAC and SMC administration also improved liver and brain malfunction. These results indicate that both NAC and in to a lesser amount SMC have a potent antioxidant protection in both tissues of rat against ACP-induced oxidative stress. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).