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关键词： Mefentrifluconazole   Botrytis cinerea   Sensitivity   Biochemical   Control efficacy   BASE-LINE SENSITIVITY   STEROL BIOSYNTHESIS   STRAWBERRY FIELDS   RESISTANCE   FUNGICIDES   FLUOPYRAM   EFFICACY  

摘要： Mefentrifluconazole is the first product of a new sub-class of triazoles fungicides, i.e., the isopropanol triazoles, with the broad spectrum and high activity. In this study, the potential and biochemical activities of mefentrifluconazole against Botrytis cinerea were investigated. The frequency distribution of all EC50 values of mefentrifluconazole against mycelial growth and germ tube elongation of 106 isolates formed unimodal curve, with the mean EC50 values of 0.124 ? 0.025 and 0.015 ? 0.008 ?g/mL, respectively. The effect of mefentrifluconazole against gray mold was determined on detached leaves of cucumber in vivo, the treatment of mefentrifluconazole at 200 ?g/mL provided 100% preventative efficacy and 72.7% curative efficacy. No evident correlation was detected between the sensitivity of B. cinerea to mefentrifluconazole and that to tebuconazole, difenoconazole, myclobutanil, hexaconazole, triadimefon, flusilazole and pyrisoxazole (P > 0.05). Mefentrifluconazole treatment resulted in the increase of mycelium branch, the decrease of ergosterol content and the changes of the permeability of cell membrane. These studies evaluated the potential of mefentrifluconazole to control gray mold and helped us to understand the possible biochemical activity of mefentrifluconazole against ***.

关键词： Three-finger toxins   Neurotoxicity   Eurytoxin   Recombinant neurotoxin   Phospholipase A(2)   AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE   ALPHA-NEUROTOXIN   MICRURUS NIGROCINCTUS   PHOSPHOLIPASE A(2)   3-FINGER TOXINS   TOXICITY   EXPRESSION   NEUTRALIZATION   PHYLOGENY   EVOLUTION  

摘要： The elapid genus, Micruroides, is considered the sister clade of all New World coral snakes (Genus Micrurus), is monotypic, and is represented by Sonoran Coral Snakes, Micruroides euryxanthus. Coral snakes of the genus Micrurus have been reported to have venoms that are predominantly composed of phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) or three finger toxins (3FTx), but the venoms of the genus Micruroides are almost completely unstudied. Here, we present the first description of the venom of M. euryxanthus including identification of some proteins as well as transcriptomic, and biological activity assays. The most abundant components within M. euryxanthus venom are 3FTxs (62.3%) and there was relatively low proportion of PLA(2)s (14.2%). The venom phenotype supports the hypothesis that the common ancestor of Micrurus and Micruroides had a 3FTx-dominated venom. Within the venom, there were two nearly identical alpha-neurotoxins (alpha-Ntx), one of which was designated Eurytoxin, that account for approximately 60% of the venom's lethality to mice. Eurytoxin was cloned, expressed in a soluble and active form, and used to produce rabbit hyperimmune serum. This allowed the analysis of its immunochemical properties, showing them to be different from the recombinant alpha NTx D.H., present in the venoms of some species of Micrurus. Finally, we observed that the commercial antivenom produced in Mexico for coral snake envenomation is unable to neutralize the lethality from M. euryxanthus venom. This work allowed the classification of Micruroides venom into the 3FTx-predominant group and identified the main components responsible for toxicity to mice. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Gas chromatography  

摘要： The current study was aimed to extract and purify the cell walls of cereal industrial by-products, that is, maize, wheat, and barley bran, followed by their nutritional and biochemical properties. For the purpose, three varieties of wheat and barley were procured from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Cell walls from industrial by-products were isolated and purified followed by the removal of starch and proteins from contaminating endosperm tissue. Moreover, their sugar and polysaccharide contents wall were determined through gas chromatography and alkaline treatment, respectively. Results revealed that cell wall content is more in barley (43.18 +/- 0.58, 42.43 +/- 1.07 and 42.08 +/- 0.13 g/50 g than in wheat (39.30 +/- 1.67, 38.72 +/- 0.45, and 37.45 +/- 0.23 g/50 g) and maize (34.00 +/- 0.08, 34.56 +/- 0.39, and 33.76 +/- 1.21 g/50 g). Moreover, barley industry by-product cell wall has higher total sugars and total phenolic acids contents whereas, wheat industry by-product cell wall showed lower followed by maize cell wall. Conclusively, cell wall of barley industry by-product is more nutritious than that of wheat and maize industry by-product cell walls. Practical applications Cereals are the most abundant commodities widely used in the world as staple foods. Cereal bran cell wall has important bioactive components, which have the ability to combat different life-threatening diseases. Utilization of cell wall in cereal-based products can fulfill many objectives including improving product quality, shelf life, value addition, and maintaining good health of the consumers. Novel products with improved rheology can be introduced in market as functional foods against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cancer, and bacterial infections. Cereal bran cell wall can be probed in the baking industry to enhance the shelf life and stability of the baked goods.

关键词： common carp   Lactobacillus probiotic   iron nanoparticles   blood biochemical factors  

摘要： The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of commercial Lactobacillus probiotic and iron nanoparticles on some blood biochemical parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Common carp (mean weight 50 g) was fed in six treatments with 0.25 and 0.50 mg/g iron oxide nanoparticles and 10(8) CFU/g commercial Lactobacillus probiotic either together or separately for 56 days. After the rearing period, blood biochemical parameters including total plasma protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, triglyceride and cholesterol and ALP, ALT, AST and LDH enzymes were measured. Total protein and globulin levels showed a significant increase in probiotic alone and probiotic plus 0.50 mg iron nanoparticles treatments (p <= 0.05). Creatinine, albumin, liver enzymes, serum lipids did not show any significant differences between treatments (p >= 0.05), but the values of these parameters showed no negative effects in different treatments. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that using iron nanoparticles and Lactobacillus probiotic can improve some of the biochemical factors in carp.

关键词： Leptospira   Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)   LAL assay   FTIR   NMR   HOG   COLORIMETRIC METHOD   SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE   TREPONEMA-PALLIDUM   LIPID-A   LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE   IDENTIFICATION   BACTERIA   SPIROCHETE   PHOSPHATE   PROTEINS  

摘要： Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major surface antigen of Leptospira. In this study, the genes involved in the LPS biosynthesis were analyzed and compared by bioinformatics tools. Also, the chemical composition analysis of leptospiral lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from 5 pathogenic serovars like Autumnalis, Australis, Ballum, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, and the nonpathogenic serovar Andamana was performed. Methods used were Limulus amebocyte lysate assay (LAL), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). LAL assay showed a significantly higher level of endotoxicity among pathogenic serovars (-0.490 EU/mL) than that of nonpathogenic Andamana (-0.102 EU/mL). FAMES analysis showed the presence of palmitic acid (C16:0), hydroxy lauric acid (3-OH C12:0), and oleic acid (C18:0). Palmitoleic acid (C16: 1), and 3hydroxy palmitate (3-OH-C16:0) was detected only in pathogenic serovars. In contrast myristoleic acid (C14:1) and stearic acid (C18:0) were present in Andamana. FTIR analysis revealed C-O-C stretch of esters, 3 degrees ROH functional groups and carbohydrate vibration range were similar among pathogenic serovars. The NMR analysis reveals similarity for 6 deoxy sugars and methyl groups of Autumnalis, Australis, and Ballum. Further, the presence of palmitoleic acid and 3-hydroxy palmitate may be the significant pathogen-associated predisposing factor. This mediates high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) mediated stress response in leptospiral LPS mediated pathogenesis.

关键词： Aluminum chloride   Biochemistry   Histopathological   Toxicity   TOXICITY   TRANSFERRIN   METABOLISM   HYDROXIDE   CITRATE   HEALTH   SAFETY   AL-26  

摘要： This study aimed to evaluate the effect of daily sublethal doses of aluminum (Al) on hematological, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral changes in male albino Wistar rats. In addition, Al tissue accumulation and histopathological changes in the cerebral cortex, liver, and kidney were examined. The rats were randomly separated into three groups. Group 1 included rats who received the median deadly dose (LD50) of aluminum chloride (AlCl3), group 2 served as the control, and group 3 was treated with a non-lethal dose of AlCl3 (1.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 45 days. At defined time intervals, hepatic and renal specific enzymes and biochemical activity were measured. In addition, we examined Al accumulation, the condition of the liver via histological methods, and the impact on the cerebral cortex. In comparison to the controls, rats treated with AlCl3 exhibited a rise in AST, ALT, and ALP enzyme activity. We also saw a significant decrease in body weight and a decrease in total protein, lipids, cholesterol, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), RBCs, and Hb levels compared to the control group. Histopathological examination suggested severe changes in the liver, kidney, and cerebral cortex of the rats. The current study indicates that sublethal daily exposure to AlCl3 causes hazardous effects, as increased Al concentration in the body is shown to induce detrimental biochemical and histological changes as well as decreased body weight. Therefore, careful attention should be given to treatments requiring long exposure in patients and the potential for accumulation via food and drinking.

关键词： Adhatoda vasica   UV-B   Antioxidants   Secondary metabolites   Metabolic profile   COLEUS-FORSKOHLII   STRESS TOLERANCE   RADIATION   ANTIOXIDANT   BIOSYNTHESIS   ACCUMULATION   PROFILE   ASSAY   CHLOROPLASTS   PHYTOSTEROLS  

摘要： In the present study, the effects of elevated UV-B (eUV-B; ambient +/- 7.2 kJ m(-2) day(-1)) were evaluated on the biochemical and metabolic profile of Adhatoda vasica Nees. (an indigenous medicinal plant) at different growth stages. The results showed reduction in superoxide radical production rate, whereas increase in the content of hydrogen peroxide which was also substantiated by the histochemical localization. Malondialdehyde content, which is a measure of oxidative stress, did not show significant changes at any of the growth stages however photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content showed reduction at all growth stages under eUV-B exposure. Increased activities of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were noticed except ascorbic acid, which was reduced under eUV-B exposure. The metabolic profile of A. vasica revealed 43 major compounds (assigned under different classes) at different growth stages. Triterpenes, phytosterols, unsaturated fatty acids, diterpenes, tocopherols, and alkaloids showed increment, whereas reduction in saturated fatty acids and sesquiterpenes were observed under eUV-B treatment. Vasicinone and vasicoline, the two important alkaloids of A. vasica, showed significant induction under eUV-B exposure as compared to control. Treatment of eUV-B leads to the synthesis of some new compounds, such as oridonin oxide (diterpene) and alpha-Bisabolol oxide-B (sesquiterpene), which possess potent anti-inflammatory and anticancerous activities. The study displayed that differential crosstalk between antioxidants and secondary metabolites at different growth stages, were responsible for providing protection to A. vasica against eUV-B induced oxidative stress and enhancing its medicinal properties.

关键词： Anemia   Beetroot   Pomace   Phenylhydrazine   Hematological analysis   Blood biochemical analysis   ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY   ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES   JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION   FLAVONOID CONTENT   ROOT   IDENTIFICATION   PEROXIDE   EXTRACT   NITRATE   FRUITS  

摘要： The present study incorporated beetroot pomace powder in biscuit preparation at concentrations of 5-20%. Biscuits' chemical composition, and sensory were evaluated. A feeding experiment was conducted using three groups (n = 3); control and anemic (An+) groups fed a standard diet, and anemic group fed 90% standard-diet and 10% biscuit containing 15% pomace (AnB). Anemia induced by injecting rats with phenylhydrazine (40 mg/kg) for two consecutive days. Hematological and biochemical blood parameters were determined at days 3, 14, and 28. An enhancement in protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, and iron was observed in the biscuit by increasing the pomace. Consuming biscuits containing 15% pomace increased hemoglobin, RBCs, and antioxidant enzymes in (AnB) rats after 28 days. The minor kidney and liver dysfunction in the anemic groups were recovered in (AnB) after 28 days. Consequently, incorporation beet pomace in biscuit revealed a promising role in anemia treatment and oxidative stress managing.

关键词： Bioaccumulation   Biochemical compounds   Fish   Food safety   India   Trace metals   HEAVY-METALS   BLACK-SEA   BIOACCUMULATION   EXPOSURE   ELEMENTS   MERCURY   TISSUES   METABOLISM   SEDIMENTS   CHROMIUM  

摘要： This study seeks to evaluate levels of seven trace metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg) and biochemical (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) alterations in muscle tissue of 27 commercially important fish species collected from 6 different estuaries along the west coast of India. Estuaries along the central west coast of India (Maharashtra coast) receive wastewater from agricultural, domestic and industrial sources. The study was performed using ICP-OES, GF-AAS, FIMS and an UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The obtained results revealed that the abundance of trace metals and biochemical compounds in fish tissue followed the order: Fe (370.0 +/- 6.0 mu g/g) > Zn (92.0 +/- 4.2 mu g/g) > Mn (23.0 +/- 1.24 mu g/g) > Cu (27.9 +/- 1.8 mu g/g) > Cr (1.2 +/- 0.18 mu g/g) > Pb (0.28 +/- 0.06 mu g/g) > Hg (0.09 +/- 0.01 mu g/g) and proteins (43.5 +/- 1.6 mg/g) > lipids (23.6 +/- 1.6 mg/g) > carbohydrates (3.9 +/- 1.8 mg/g). The results indicate that various levels of trace metals exist in the studied fish species, but the concentrations are within permissible limits set by the USFDA, FAO/WHO, and EU for human consumption, except Mn (< 1.0 mu g/g) and Fe (< 100.0 mu g/g) in some of the species. Cu (r = - 0.39) and Zn (r = - 0.85) showed a negative correlation with total carbohydrates (n = 120; p < 0.05), indicating that accumulation of Cu and Zn can impact the metabolic characteristics of the fish. Results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted the same point source for these metals as influenced by anthropogenic processes.

关键词： Xenoestrogen   Glyphosate   Fragrance   Mixture   Mussel   Biomarker   ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS   AMINOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID   LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY   HERBICIDE GLYPHOSATE   IMMUNE-RESPONSES   RISK-ASSESSMENT   SURFACE WATERS   FATE   ENVIRONMENT   FRAGRANCES  

摘要： In this study the effects of a mixture of glyphosate (herbicide), 17a-ethinylestradiol (synthetic estrogen) and amyl salicylate (fragrance) to the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis were evaluated. Mussels were exposed for 7 days to two realistic concentrations of the mixture (10 and 100 ng/L) and the effects on total haemocyte counts, haemocyte diameter and volume, haemocyte proliferation, haemolymph lactate dehydrogenase activity and haemocyte lysate lysozyme activity were measured. In addition, superoxide dismutase, catalase, acetylcholinesterase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities were measured in gills and digestive gland. The survival-in-air test was also performed. Results demonstrated that the mixture affected both cellular and biochemical biomarkers, but not tolerance to aerial exposure of M. galloprovincialis. The negative effects recorded in this study suggested that more efforts should be done to assess the ecotoxicological risks posed by contaminant mixture to aquatic invertebrates.