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关键词： Macrobrachium nipponense   genetic breeding   growth performance   biochemical composition   gene expression  

摘要： Macrobrachium nipponense, as one of the large-yield farmed shrimp, is facing germplasm degradation. Genetic improvement through hybridization is one of the effective methods to solve this problem. In this study, using a three-line hybrid strategy, two-hybrid F1 populations were obtained using three local populations of M. nipponense as parents for crossbreeding. Five populations were then cultured for 3 months. Growth rate performance was measured by the hepatosomatic index, weight gain, body length growth rate and special growth rate. Biochemical components were also assessed. The results showed that the survival rate and growth performance of the hybrid progeny were better than those of the parents. The levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, glycogen and lactic acid of the hybrid population were higher than those of the parents. This was consistent with variation in the activity of four digestive enzymes. Compared with the results of the fatty acid and amino acid analysis, it was found that the contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and eight essential amino acids in the hybrid populations were significantly higher than those of their parents, and the contents of flavor amino acids were higher. The expression level of molting genes related to the growth of the parent populations was lower than that of the hybrids. These results show that crossbreeding is effective for the genetic improvement of M. nipponense germplasm. Hybrids showed advantages in growth and nutrition and multigenerational breeding will be required to form a stable germplasm.

关键词： Coated granules   Oxidative status   Blood cholesterol   HMG-CoA reductase   Fatty acid synthesis   Yolk fatty acids   ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS   DIETARY-CHOLESTEROL   SERUM-CHOLESTEROL   ALLIUM-SATIVUM   POWDER   BIOSYNTHESIS   INHIBITION   SUPPLEMENTATION   EXTRACTS   DISEASE  

摘要： The effects of dietary garlic oil coated granules (GOCG) on egg production, egg quality, yolk antioxidant capacity, yolk cholesterol, yolk fatty acids, blood biochemistry and hepatic enzyme activities were investigated. Forty 36-week-old Hisex brown laying hens were randomly assigned to one of the five dietary treatment groups including: (1) basal diet+0 g GOCG/kg diet (GOCG0, control), (2) basal diet+7.5 g GOCG/kg diet (GOCG7.5), (3) basal diet+15 g GOCG/kg diet (GOCG15), (4) basal diet+30 g GOCG/kg diet (GOCG30) and (5) basal diet+60 g GOCG/kg diet (GOCG60), for four weeks. It was found that egg production, egg mass and feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary GOCG levels. Egg weight, albumen weight, yolk color intensity and Haugh units increased linearly (P < 0.05) and there were quadratic effects (P < 0.05) on yolk weight, shell weight, shell thickness and albumen pH. Dietary GOCG increased yolk antioxidant capacity measured by the phosphomolybdenum method and lowered thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (linearly, P < 0.05). Significant decreases were especially noted in terms of mg/100 g yolk of yolk cholesterol at 7, 14, and 28 days, and overall (quadratic P < 0.05, linearly P < 0.05, linear and quadratic P < 0.05 and linear and quadratic P < 0.05, respectively). Yolk fatty acid compositions, however, did not differ by treatment. Serum total cholesterol (Total-C) and triglyceride decreased linearly (P < 0.05) at 28 days. Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGRC) activity due to treatment decreased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), but fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity increased

关键词： Natural zeolite   Table grape   Shelf life   Optimization   Response surface methodology   RADICAL-SCAVENGING ACTIVITY   ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES   QUALITY ATTRIBUTES   POSTHARVEST DECAY   FRUIT   ETHYLENE   PRODUCTIVITY   MECHANISMS   PHYSIOLOGY   MEMBRANE  

摘要： The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to establish a predictive model for the effects of natural zeolite at different concentration and different storage times, as independent variables, on shelf life, physical and chemical properties, quality parameters and phytochemicals compounds of table grapes. The response surface models (RS model) had satisfactory R-2 and Adj.R-2 and models had non-significant lack of fit (P > 0.05). The parameters of the RS model had a good predictive performance and can be considered validated. The results demonstrated that natural zeolite is able to significantly improve the table grape tissue firmness, enhance different phytochemicals and antioxidants, and decrease water loss, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde production and decay extension rates. Treated fruit had a higher superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and total antioxidant activity and phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids contents. Using desirability function method treatment of table grapes with zeolite at 6% and storage for 60 days was found to be the optimized condition.

关键词： Histopathology liver   Liver profile   Rumen   Sheep   DIFFERENTIATION   DIGESTIBILITY   STARCH   GROWTH   RUMEN  

摘要： The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters of kidneys, liver, and rumen of cull ewes fed high-concentrate diets containing cottonseed (CS) associated with calcium lignosulfonate (CL). The evaluated treatments were diets including the whole cottonseed; crushed cottonseed; whole cottonseed treated with lignosulfonate; crushed cottonseed with lignosulfonate; plus a control diet without cottonseed. Thirty ewes with an average weight of 44.2 ? 5.2 kg and an average age of 50 months were distributed into collective stalls. Data revealed a lack of differences between the diets, irrespective of the CS processing or its association with lignosulfonate, on the hematological and biochemical blood profiles. There were changes (P<0.05) for serum total cholesterol and triglycerides when CS was associated with lignosulfonate, regardless of its physical form. Discrete multifocal hydropic degeneration and steatosis in the liver were observed at the greater intensity in treatments CCS and CCSL. Histological findings in animals from treatments CCS, WCSL and CCSL revealed discrete to moderate multifocal mineralization in the kidneys. Parakeratotic hyperkeratotic areas were observed in the rumen in all treatments. The association between cottonseed and lignosulfonate may be a good option in the formulation of diets for sheep with lipid supplementation.

关键词： Enriched bread   (?)-epicatechin   HyPer   Metabolic syndrome   Quercetin   Genoprotective effect  

摘要： Metabolic syndrome is a condition whose incidence has been increasing around the world. It promotes a metabolic state of chronic systemic inflammation, correlated to cellular stress and genetic mutations, and subsequently with deadly chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. A randomized placebo-controlled study (n = 156) was conducted to determine the effects of consuming an enriched bread with 0.05% of a 1:1 mixture of (-)-epicatechin and quercetin on anthropometric and biochemical parameters of the participants. As a result, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total triglycerides, and fasting plasma glucose significantly decreased after three months of daily enriched bread consumption. Nuclear abnormalities in buccal epithelium cells also decreased (15.8 ? 3.2 down to 8.3 ? 1.0), showing a genoprotective effect. The antioxidant properties of these compounds were observed by monitoring changes in the cytoplasmic redox tone of intact Caco-2 cells expressing HyPer, a fluorescent redox biosensor. The combination of (?)-epicatechin and quercetin changes the cytoplasmic redox ambient in living cells and significantly improves biochemical parameters related to metabolic syndrome, and decreases the number of cell abnormalities in buccal epithelium cells of patients.

关键词： Brazilian palm swamps   Cerrado sensu stricto   Semi-deciduous dry forests   Soil biology   Savanna natural environment  

摘要： The Cerrado is the second largest Brazilian biome, a world biodiversity hotspot and home to important hydrographic basins. In this biome, native vegetation types play crucial environmental roles as natural repositories of carbon, water and biodiversity. However, the Cerrado is threatened by deforestation and land degradation. The soil microbiology knowledge of these areas would provide a better understanding of how this threatened environment functions and a basis for monitoring and conservation. This study investigates soil respiration, microbial biomass and enzymes activity of the native wetlands (veredas), and well-drained soils under native cerrado sensu stricto and semi-deciduous dry forest. Vereda soils produced the highest levels of soil biological attributes, while the semi-deciduous dry forest produced intermediate values and the Cerrado, the lowest values. Regardless of season, differences in soil activity were best correlated with five biological attributes: basal respiration, FDA, urease, beta-glucosidase and acid phosphatase activity. Partial redundancy analysis indicated that variance in soil microbial and biochemical attributes was better correlated with soil physicochemical attributes than with vegetation type. Redundancy analysis and a Pearson correlation showed that the differentiating biological variables were best correlated with nitrogen concentration. Vereda soils have a far greater biochemical potential for metabolizing organic carbon under standard (i.e. aerobic) conditions, suggesting that draining vereda soils may lead to losses of organic matter and increased greenhouse gas emissions. The findings of this study provide a basis of ecological information on native Cerrado soils that can be used to manage and monitor the quality of this threatened biome.

关键词： Mussels   Hyperbaric chamber   Suspended sediments   Filtration rate   Biomarkers   Gene expression   OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS   FLOOR MASSIVE SULFIDES   FRESH-WATER MUSSEL   SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS   HAZARD ASSESSMENT   EXPOSURE   RESPONSES   GLUTATHIONE   EXPRESSION   BIVALVIA  

摘要： The deep-sea is the biggest ecosystem in the world and despite the extreme conditions that characterize it, is highly biodiverse and complex. Deep-sea mining has been foreseen as a potential and concerning new stressor, and among the deep-sea mining associated stressors, sediment plumes, likely to be released into the water column as a side effect of mining, can reach habitats within a radius of more than a hundred kilometers. The present study examined the effects of suspended sediments of different grain sizes (63-125 mu m, 125-250 mu m and 250-500 mu m) in the model species Mytilus galloprovincialis, at 4 bar, as a proxy to address the potential effects of sediment plumes, in the water column, with different grain sizes under high pressure conditions. Functional (filtration rate - FR), biochemical (catalase - CAT, glutathione s-transferase - GST, lipid peroxidation - LPO) and molecular (gene expression of [actin (ACTN), glutathione S-transferase alpha (GSTA), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), catalase (CAT), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), cytochrome c oxidase (COI) and DNA mismatch repair protein (MSH6)]) endpoints were studied in juvenile organisms. The FR decreased significantly for all tested grain size ranges, with a more severe effect for the particles with a diameter between 63 and 125 mu m. In addition to the FR, significant changes were also observed for all tested biomarkers. Gene expression was significantly downregulated for CAT and ACTN. Overall, this study demonstrated that the smaller sized particles are the ones leading to more severe effects. Given their high dispersion potential and longer suspension periods under mining operation scenarios, particular attention should be given to the release of sediment plumes that may affect deep-sea environments and the water column. It is, therefore, vital to create standards and guidelines for sustainable mining practices.

关键词： Moringa oleifera   Fu-brick tea   Fungal community   Flowering process   ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY   PHENOLIC CONTENT   SOYBEAN PASTES   IN-VITRO   POLYPHENOL  

摘要： Moringa oleifera is a nutritious herb with a pronounced harsh taste. During microbial fermentation of Fu-brick tea, "flowering" promotes the oxidation, decomposition, and hydrolysis of biochemical components, resulting in a unique flavor. To improve the utilization and flavor of Moringa leaves, we developed a novel blended tea. Moringa-Fu brick tea via microbial fermentation and dark tea blending. We investigated chemical compositions and fungal community structures, and their possible correlations, during eight flowering stages using three blending ratios. Metabolic analysis showed that caffeine, theophylline, and gallic acid levels increased, whereas other key metabolite levels decreased after flowering. The genera Aspergillus, Saccharomycetales incertae sedis, and Candida predominated during the early flowering stage, but Eurotium dominated after 3 days with all three ratios. The fungal taxa were grouped into 14 modules, and six keystone taxa were identified. Three fungal genera (Saccharomycetales incertae sedis, Aspergillus, and Cyberlindnera) were the core functional genera linked to the metabolism of biochemical compounds. Supplementing 15% moringa tea with dark tea developed the best flavor, suggesting that this substrate's environment was more suitable for propagating dominant fungi and driving biotransformation. This study can serve as an exemplar for utilizing microbial-fermentation to improve the flavors of harsh-tasting plant resources.