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关键词： Boric acid   Dodder   Mechanical control   Na2SiO3   Sulfosulfuron  

摘要： The current study was undertaken to stimulate the physiological resistance and active compounds in eggplant to prevent the development of Cuscuta campestris (Dodder), to reduce its spread in field and also detection of selective herbicide to control it with minimum damage to eggplant fields in Iraq. A field experiment was conducted in Al-Qizuina, province of Najaf during the 2017 growing season to achieve the above aim. Treatments (herbicide and nutrients) were arranged within randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed significant differences among treatments when boric acid gave the greatest leaf content of carbohydrates, phosphorus, boron, total chlorophyll, and growth-promoting hormones (IAA and GA₃) in eggplant, fruit content of ascorbic acid and total soluble compounds. However, the Na₂SiO₃ resulted in higher leaf content of silicon and salicylic acid while urea treatment gave greater nitrogen and protein in the crop. Similarly, treatments of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and K₂SO₄ were higher in calcium and potassium, respectively. The growth inhibitor hormones (ABA) were greater in the mechanical control treatment, while the total phenols were very high in the sulfosulfuron treatment. Based on the GC–MS analysis of herbicide residues, sulfosulfuron concentration was below the level of detection in the eggplants fruits confirming their safety for human consumption. Using sulfosulfuron with plant nutrients together can enhance resistance in eggplant against C. campestris. © 2021 The Author

关键词： Combination   Co-nanoencapsulation   Detoxification   Enzyme assay   Imidacloprid   Lambda-cyhalothrin  

摘要： The aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is one of the most economically important plant pests worldwide. Excessive use of chemical pesticides to control this pest affects its successful management. In this study, we used a novel technology to improve insecticide efficacy while reducing doses through the combination of insecticides. Therefore, the joint action of pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin (LAM) and neonicotinoid imidacloprid (IMI) was evaluated on the aphid M. persicae using leaf-dipping method. Co-nanoencapsulated formulation of these insecticides was prepared using phosphatidylcholine and chitosan as carrier and surface-coating material, respectively. The results of toxicological studies revealed a considerable synergistic effect at 2:1 ratio of technical grade IMI plus LAM and their co-encapsulated formulation. Nanoparticles produced were spherical with size of 67.56 nm. The LC50 values for the technical grade of IMI, LAM and their mixture were 12.65, 89.82 and 4.07 mg ai l(-1);for co-encapsulated formulation, the value was 7.06 mg ai l(-1). To evaluate the effect of co-nanoencapsulation process on detoxification enzymes, the activities of general esterases and glutathione S-transferases and the amount of cytochrome P450s were measured in M. persicae. The technical grade mixture of IMI and LAM caused pronounced changes in the levels of all tested enzymes compared with the control. In contrast, co-nanoencapsulation protected IMI and LAM from cytochrome P450s- and glutathione S-transferase-induced enzymatic degradation. Considering the toxicological and biochemical findings, co-nanoencapsulation can be valuable as an eco-friendly method for improving the efficacy of the insecticides while preserving the synergistic effects and protecting the active ingredients against detoxification enzymes.

关键词： Biochemistry   Free amino acids   Invertase activity   Physiology   Soluble proteins   Soluble sugars   Starch  

摘要： The physiology and biochemistry of young Opuntia spp. cladodes relate with their Crassulacean acid metabolism, which extends over the day-night cycle in four phases, is species-dependent and is affected by water availability. This study aimed to assess the interaction among species, time-of-day, and the soil water potential (Psi(W)) on biochemical and physiological characteristics of cladodes of Opuntia species. Three-week-old cladodes were harvested at 7:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. from plants with or without irrigation for 30 d (-0.17 and -5.72 MPa soil Psi(W)), from O. albicarpa, O. ficus-indica, O. hyptiacantha, O. megacantha, and O. streptacantha. The experimental design was a factorial 5 x 2 x 2 (species, sampling time and soil Psi(W)). The experimental unit was one cladode per plant, and six repetitions were evaluated. Total acids, glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, total phenolics, free amino acids, and soluble proteins concentrations were evaluated, as well as acid invertase and neutral invertase activities. The interaction among species x soil.W and species x time of the day was significant (P <= 0.05) in all variables evaluated. An exception was the species x soil Psi(W) on starch concentration (P = 0.1827). The biochemical and physiological characteristics of Opuntia cladodes were modified by the time of the day and soil Psi(W) interaction, but most of the characteristics were positively or inversely affected depending on the species, frequently displaying a descending trend following O. streptacantha, O. hyptiacantha, O. megacantha, O. albicarpa and O. ficus-indica. The total acids, glucose, fructose, starch, soluble proteins, and free amino acids concentrations revealed that domestication significantly modifies C and N metabolism in Opuntia.

关键词： Biochemical markers   BIPED - Hemophilic arthropathy   Inflammation   Joint tissue turnover  

摘要： Hemophilic arthropathy (HA) causes major morbidity. Breakthrough therapies reduce the bleeding frequency tremendously, but well-defined joint outcome assessments with a focus on early changes and subclinical damage are lacking. Biomarkers reflecting joint tissue turnover/inflammation might be useful to predict invalidating arthropathy. This systematic review summarized and categorized publications on blood/urinary biomarkers in HA to provide leads for implementation. A PubMed/EMBASE search was performed on September 9, 2019. All publications were assessed and allocated to one or several BIPED-categories, based on the utility of biomarkers. Of the initial 1307 publications found, 27 were eligible for inclusion. The majority (81%, n = 32/42) was cross-sectional in design, including relatively small numbers of patients (median 44, interquartile range 35-78). Fourteen percent (n = 6/42) investigated dynamic changes around a bleeding or treatment. Only two studies investigated the prognostic value of biomarkers. Most promising biomarkers were serum Coll2-1, COL-18N, COMP, C1,2C, C2M, CS846, MIF, plasma sVCAM-1 and urinary CTX-II. Comparing performances and pooling data was not possible due to heterogeneity. Currently, biomarker research in HA is still in an explorative stage and not yet sufficient for translation into daily practice. Clearly, larger homogeneous longitudinal studies in well-defined populations should be performed for further development.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2   Main protease   Virtual screening   Biochemical evaluation  

摘要： SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogen that caused the global COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. Promising progress has been made in developing vaccines and antiviral drugs. Antivirals medicines are necessary complements of vaccines for post-infection treatment. The main protease (Mpro) is an extremely important protease in the reproduction process of coronaviruses which cleaves pp1ab over more than 11 cleavage sites. In this work, two active main protease inhibitors were found via docking-based virtual screening and bioassay. The IC50 of compound VS10 was 0.20 mu M, and the IC50 of compound VS12 was 1.89 mu M. The finding in this work can be helpful to understand the interactions of main protease and inhibitors. The active candidates could be potential lead compounds for future drug design.

关键词： Red clover   Silver stress   Oxidative stress   Transcriptome  

摘要： Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) is an important leguminous crop with great potential for Ag-contaminated environment remediation. Whereas, the molecular mechanisms of Ag tolerance in red clover are largely unknown. Red clover seedlings were used for physiological and transcriptomic investigation under 0, 20, 50, and 100 mg/L Ag+ stress in our research to reveal potential molecular resistance mechanism. Research showed that red clover possessed fairly strong Ag absorbance capacity, the Ag level reached 0.14 and 2.35 mg/*** in the leaves and roots under 100 mg/L AgNO3 stress condition. Root fresh weight, root dry weight, root water content, and photosynthetic pigments contents were significantly decreased with elevating AgNO3 concentration. Obvious withered plant tissue, microstructure disorder, and disrupted organelles were observed. In vitro evaluations (e.g., PI and DCFH-DA staining) represented that AgNO3 at high concentration (100 mg/L) exhibited obvious inhibition on cell viability, which was due possibly to the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. A total of 44643 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under Ag stress, covering 27155 upregulated and 17488 downregulated genes. 12 stress-responsive DEGs was authenticated utilizing real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the DEGs were mostly related to metal ion binding (molecular function), nucleus (cellular component), and defense response (biological process). Involved DEGs in sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity, response to various hormones (e.g., abscisic acid, IAA/Auxin, salicylic acid, and etc), calcium signal transduction, and protein ubiquitination were concluded to play crucial roles in Ag tolerance of red clover. On the other hand, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database annotated several stress responsive pathways such as plant-pathogen interaction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, ubiqui

关键词： Anaerobic digestion   Incineration   Energy recovery   Financial feasibility   Greenhouse gas emissions  

摘要： The aim of this study was to determine the bio- and thermo-chemical characteristics of dromedary (Camelus dromedaruis) manure to be used for renewable energy generation and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Lactating and pregnant dromedary manure samples were collected from a dromedary milk production farm and were tested. A comprehensive experimental analysis was conducted for the sampled manure to determine key parameters, including organic and nutrients content, ions, heavy metals, in addition to X-ray diffraction and fluorescence characterization. The bio-methane potential was measured in batch anaerobic digestion (AD) assays, while the energy content was determined through a bomb calorimeter. The experimental results showed that the bio-methane production ranged between 129 and 160 mL of CH4 per gram of volatile solids (VS) of dromedary manure. On the other hand, the measured calorific values of dromedary manure ranged between 12.18 and 13.60 MJ kg- 1. A feasibility study was carried out for bio- and thermo-chemical waste-to-energy systems for dromedary manure management. The assessment showed that an AD-based manure management system could potentially mitigate GHG emissions;with a unit emission of 0.52 kg kWh-1 of CO2 eq compared to 0.61?0.91 kg kWh-1 of CO2 eq from conventional fossil fuel combustion. Results showed that, compared to AD, incineration would be more viable for dromedary manure management, in terms of economic revenue and energy recovery.

关键词： Chronic kidney disease   lncRNA H19   TNF-α   IL-6   Oxidative stress  

摘要： Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disorder that affects millions worldwide, and current treatment options aiming at inhibiting the progression of kidney damage are limited. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 is one of the first explored lncRNAs and its deregulation is associated with renal pathologies, such as renal cell injury and nephrotic syndrome. However, there is still no research investigating the connection between serum lncRNA H19 expressions and clinical outcomes in CKD patients. Therefore, we investigated the relation of serum lncRNA H19 expressions with routine biochemical parameters, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and mineralization markers in advanced CKD patients. Methods lncRNA H19 serum levels from 56 CKD patients and 20 healthy controls were analyzed with reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and osteocalcin (OC) levels were measured with enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidative status (TOS) levels were evaluated by the routine measurement method. Results We found that lncRNA H19 expressions were upregulated in patients with CKD compared to the controls. Furthermore, lncRNA H19 relative expression levels showed a negative relationship with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) while it was positively correlated with ferritin, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, TNF-alpha, IL-6, OC, TAS and TOS levels. Conclusion lncRNA H19 expressions were increased in CKD stage 3-5 and HD patients, and elevated lncRNA H19 expressions were associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate, inflammation, and mineralization markers in these patients.

关键词： Abscisic acid   Catechin   Pectin methyl esterase   Aquaporin   Boron  

摘要： The pursuit of firmer and better-quality blueberries is a continuous task that aims at a more profitable production. To this end it is essential to understand the biological processes linked to fruit firmness, which may diverge among tissues. By contrasting varieties with opposing firmness, we were able to elucidate events that, taking place at immature stage, lay the foundation to produce a firmer ripe fruit. A deep analysis of blueberry skin was carried out, involving diverse comparative approaches including proteomics and metabolomics coupled to immunolocalization assays. In 'O'Neal' (low firmness) enhanced levels of aquaporins, expansins and pectin esterases at the green stage were found to be critical in distinguishing it from 'Emerald' (high firmness). The latter featured higher levels of ABA, low methyl esterified pectins in tricellular junctions and high levels of catechin at this stage. Meanwhile, in 'Emerald' 's ripe fruit epicarp, several mechanisms of cell wall reinforcement such as calcium and probably boron bridges, appear to be more prominent than in 'O'Neal'. This study highlights the importance of cell wall reorganization and structure, abundance of specific metabolites, water status, and hormonal signalling in connection to fruit firmness. These findings result particularly valuable in order to improve the fertilization procedures or in the search of molecular markers related with firmness.

关键词： Silver   Nanoparticles   Porphyridium cruentum   Biochemical analysis  

摘要： For the first time, the microalga Porphyridium cruentum was tested for its ability to produce silver nanoparticles. To characterize formed silver nanoparticles UV-vis Spectrometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays and X-ray diffraction were used. It was shown that after biomass exposure to silver nitrate solution the extracellular formation of spherical-like nanoparticles took place. Functional groups responsible for metal binding were determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The complex of biochemical tests was used for biomass characterization and assessment of the changes of its main components (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and phycobilin) during nanoparticle formation. Obtained data indicate a significant decrease of proteins, carbohydrates, phycobiliproteins, and lipids content as well as antiradical activity of biomass. The obtained results show the necessity of determination of optimal conditions for obtaining Porphyridium cruentum biomass enriched with silver nanoparticles for its further application in the pharmaceuticals industry