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关键词： Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi   Compost   Soil fertility   Yield   Allium sativum  

摘要： The present work aimed to study the effect of compost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on soil physicochemical parameters on garlic (Allium sativum L.) growth, physiology, biochemical traits, and yield under environmental conditions. The application of AMF or compost increased both carbonic and mineral contents in soil. An improvement of 92% and 35% was observed in case of total organic carbon in soil of plant amended with compost and inoculated with AMF, respectively, compared to the control. Indeed, available phosphorus and total nitrogen were increased by 139% and 52% in case of compost + AMF compared to the control. Mycorrhizal frequency was significantly higher in AMF than in compost + AMF plants, while compost application did not significantly affect the mycorrhizal intensity in garlic roots. The application of R. irregularis, compost, and their combination enhanced the growth parameters and biomass production with the greatest improvement in AMF and compost + AMF treatments. Compost + AMF was considered the best treatment, with a yield improvement by 81% in comparison to the control. The same biostimulants applied alone or in combination significantly enhanced stomatal conductance, total soluble sugars, proteins, and the content of chlorophyll and total carotenoid in garlic plants compared to the control. Finally, we revealed the positive impact of the tested biofertilizers and the interest in adoption of innovative practices improving growth, physiology, biochemical traits, and soil fertility as well as biological agriculture of garlic yield.

关键词： Climate changes   Drought   Oxidative stress   Sandy soil   Sunflower yield  

摘要： Maximizing the utilization of water unit is of paramount importance in arid zones and worldwide. This is even more significant when plants are subjected to both thermal and water stress. Hence, a two-year (2014 and 2015 seasons) field trial was carried out to study the effect of three sowing dates (April 21, May 21, and June 21);two irrigation levels (I100 and I85) and two ascorbic acid rates, ASA (0 and 450 mg L-1), on physiological and biochemical traits, productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) of sunflower. Results showed that subjecting sunflower plants to water deficit under any sowing date caused decreases in chlorophyll, carotenoids, oil% and seed yield and an increase in proline content. As averages of the two seasons, ASA treated plants caused increases in seed yield amounted to 11.7%, 10.6% and 8.4% with I100 and 5.1%, 14.4% and 7.7% with I85 compared to non-treated plants sown in April, May and June, respectively. In ASA treated plots, WUE values of sowing in April x I100 or sowing in June x I85 in 2014 and sowing in May x I85 in 2015 were as similar as that of conventional practice (sowing in May x I100 x 0 mg L-1 ASA). Accordingly, results clarify that ASA can be used successfully in sunflower management programs, particularly under abiotic stresses e.g. unfavorable heat and drought.

关键词： Mixed blue and red-orange light   Light inhibition   Growth kinetics   Biochemical profile   Chlorophyceae  

摘要： Light management methods are considered effective to enhance the quantum yield and photosynthetic efficiency and promote the biomass and nutrient production;however, light saturation and inhibition restrain further improvement. This work studies the effect of light mixing on algal light saturation/inhibition, growth kinetics, and biochemical profile. The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was cultivated with batch culture under an LED light panel with multiple spectra options. Different combinations of blue (B) and red-orange (RO) light intensities were tested with blue light ranging from 45 to 65 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) and red-orange light ranging from 45 to 205 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1). Results reveal that the mixed blue and red-orange light significantly improved the growth kinetics and relieved the light saturation under blue light and the light inhibition under the red-orange light. The maximum specific growth rate, biomass concentration, and productivity increased by 22, 50, and 57%, respectively, compared with the results under the red-orange light. The lipid and protein synthesis were observed to be promoted under mixed light with relatively low red-orange light intensities (45 and 105 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) and repressed at high red-orange light intensities (155 and 205 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)). The carbohydrate content did not change.

关键词： Paenibacillus polymyxa   Performance   Blood biochemistry   Intestinal microbiota   Quail  

摘要： This study investigated the effect of Paenibacillus polymyxa LM31 supplementation on growth performance, antioxidative status, immune response, cecal microbiota, and biochemical parameters of growing Japanese quail. Identification of Paenibacillus polymyxa was identified and the volatile organic compounds and antibacterial activity of selected isolate supernatant were determined. A total of 225 unsexed one-wk-old Japanese quail chicks were randomly allocated to 5 treatments (5 pens, 9 birds/pen) and fed either a basal diet as a control group or a basal diet supplemented with four different levels of Paenibacillus polymyxa 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg / kg feed. The results of the GC mass profile revealed that several organic compounds were secreted by Paenibacillus polymyxa in the supernatant. The diet supplemented with Paenibacillus polymyxa supernatant showed potent antibacterial properties against gram negative and gram positive bacteria as well as fungi. Paenibacillus polymyxa significantly improved the growth performance of growing quails. Paenibacillus polymyxa administration up to 0.4 mg/kg diet significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides (TG). The use of Paenibacillus polymyxa at 0.3 or 0.4 mg/kg diet significantly (P = 0.0042) increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) compared to the control. In addition, dietary supplementation of 0.3 mg Paenibacillus polymyxa /kg diet significantly improved superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) whereas significantly reduced plasma lipid peroxidation (MDA). Furthermore, Paenibacillus polymyxa administration modulated ceacal microbiota by significantly reducing the count of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. whereas increased lactic acid bacteria. In conclusion, Paenibacillus polymyxa could improve productive performance and body health status of Japanese

关键词： Blood pressure   Cardiovascular function   Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)   Sex hormones   Hyperandrogenism   N-terminal of the prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)  

摘要： Purpose Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) present with or without biochemical hyperandrogenism (HAPCOS or non-HAPCOS, respectively). Cardiometabolic and hormonal abnormalities have been reported in women with PCOS, particularly those with hypertension. However, no direct comparison between normotensive (blood pressure <140/90 mmHg) patients with HAPCOS and non-HAPCOS has been made. This study compared different cardiovascular (CV), anthropometric, metabolic and hormonal features between normotensive patients with HAPCOS and non-HAPCOS and healthy women. Methods We consecutively recruited 249 normotensive patients with PCOS and 85 healthy eumenorrheic women to a case-control observational study. Based on blood androgen concentration, patients with PCOS were divided into HAPCOS (n = 69) or non-HAPCOS (n = 180) groups. Results Although within normal ranges, patients with HAPCOS had significantly (p < 0.05) higher peripheral and central systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, C-reactive protein, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin than subjects with non-HAPCOS, and healthy women. They also had lower N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration. In contrast, their body mass index (BMI) was higher of over 4 kg/m(2) than patients with non-HAPCOS and nearly 6 kg/m(2) than in healthy participants. Except for BMI, statistical differences in the cardiometabolic profile were of little clinical relevance. Conclusions Young normotensive women with HAPCOS have a worse cardiometabolic profile but lower NT-proBNP concentration than patients with non-HAPCOS. Features of this profile in both PCOS groups are within ranges typical for healthy women. Increased BMI is the only clinically relevant feature differentiating hyperandrogenic from non-hyperandrogenic patients with PCOS, and healthy women.

关键词： Induced resistance   Passiflora edulis   IPM   Phenolics   Enzyme activity  

摘要： Silicon (Si) is agronomically beneficial due to positive effects it provides to plant development, including the increased defensive response capacity against attack of herbivorous insects. This study evaluated the effects of applications of Si sources via soil and foliar sprays on yellow passion fruit biochemistry and Si-induced resistance to feeding preference and development of the major passion fruit pest, Dione juno juno. Two independent experiments were conducted with applications of calcium silicate (78-88% SiO2) via soil and as foliar sprays with the commercial product AgriSil (R) (98% SiO2) to plants of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa in a greenhouse. Four doses were tested for each Si source plus a control treatment. Biochemical analyses in the plants included the concentrations of Si and total phenolics, and activities of the enzymes peroxidase (POX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Si-induced resistance to D. juno juno was investigated in feeding assays in the laboratory and on the insect's development on potted-plants in the greenhouse. As main results, calcium silicate favoured the increase in Si content and the activities of POX and PAL, in addition to negatively affecting larvae feeding preference, leaf area consumed, and adult-stage parameters of D. juno juno. Agrisil led to increased Si content, total phenolics concentration, and POX activity, but did not affect the feeding preference, performance, and development of D. juno juno. Calcium silicate is promising for use in integrated pest management and could provide benefits to passion fruit production by reducing the economic losses by D. juno juno attack.

关键词： Silver ions   Oxidative stress   Microstructure   Genetic variation  

摘要： In our research, a series of toxicity tests with the underlying toxic mechanisms were conducted with Trifolium pratense L. (red clover). After a different silver exposing time (e.g., 1 d, 3 d, and 8 d), noticeable alterations had occurred in root elongation, photosynthetic pigments, ion leakage, cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione (GSH), and ascorbate (AsA) assays. On average, the root tissues of red clover retained on approximately 84.59 % of the total Ag absorbed as a tolerance strategy to Ag+ stress. Ultrastructural damages in morphological characteristics were observed and speculated to be related to severe free radical attack induced by Ag+ and argentiferous NPs synthesis in vivo. Whole genome resequencing detected 1, 900, 266 and 1, 996, 263 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 868, 643 and 924, 957 insertions and deletions (InDels) for the two experimental plants (i.e., 4-day treated and 8-day treated) compared to controls. In addition, genomic resequencing data revealed structural variations (SVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) in experimental groups under Ag+ stress. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis for genes containing SNVs indicated that their molecular functions were mostly related to DNA binding transcription factor activity. These findings might provide a critical insight into the regulatory pathways of Ag+ affected plants.

摘要： According to the results, the CF exhibited substantial variability ranging from 0.084 to 536.3, with a median CF of 2.72 (±2.1) and a mean of 45.0 (±238) for both mosses and peat, which encompass the theoretical CF of 3:1;however, the variance in CF values resulted in significant inconsistencies across species, sites and time. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Antioxidants   G-M-6   Gurez local   Low temperature   Maize   Osmoprotectant  

摘要： Maize, a C-4 sub-tropical crop, possesses higher temperature optima as compared to the C-3 plants. Low temperature (LT) stress confines the growth and productivity of maize. In this context, two maize genotypes, LT tolerant Gurez local and LT susceptible Gujarat-Maize-6 (G-M-6) were analysed in present study for various osmolytes and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes including Ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) besides trehalose biosynthetic pathways. With the progressive LT treatment, Gurez local showed lesser accumulation of stress markers like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde, a significant increase in osmoprotectants like free proline, total protein, total soluble sugars, trehalose, total phenolics and glycine betaine, and a significant reduction in the plant pigments as compared to the G-M-6. Additionally, Gurez local was found to possess a well-established antioxidant defense system as revealed from the elevated transcripts and enzyme activities of various enzymes of AsA-GSH pathway. Higher gene expression and enzyme activities were exhibited by superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase besides the gene expression of trehalose biosynthetic pathway enzymes. Moreover, through principal component analyses, a positive correlation of all analysed parameters with the LT tolerance was noticed in Gurez local alone demarcating the genotypes on the basis of their extent of LT tolerance. Overall, the present study forms the basis for unravelling of LT tolerance mechanisms and improvement in the performance of the temperate maize.

关键词： terpenes   biosynthesis   phytoalexin   insecticidal   allelopathy  

摘要： Biodiversity is adversely affected by the growing levels of synthetic chemicals released into the environment due to agricultural activities. This has been the driving force for embracing sustainable agriculture. Plant secondary metabolites offer promising alternatives for protecting plants against microbes, feeding herbivores, and weeds. Terpenes are the largest among PSMs and have been extensively studied for their potential as antimicrobial, insecticidal, and weed control agents. They also attract natural enemies of pests and beneficial insects, such as pollinators and dispersers. However, most of these research findings are shelved and fail to pass beyond the laboratory and greenhouse stages. This review provides an overview of terpenes, types, biosynthesis, and their roles in protecting plants against microbial pathogens, insect pests, and weeds to rekindle the debate on using terpenes for the development of environmentally friendly biopesticides and herbicides.