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关键词： Macroevolution   Species sorting   Typotheria   Toxodontia   South America   CLIMATE-CHANGE   BERGMANNS RULE   ANDEAN UPLIFT   COPES RULE   DEEP-SEA   HISTORY   OLIGOCENE   RISE   MACROEVOLUTIONARY   PALEOECOLOGY  

摘要： Members of the Order Notoungulata are among the most diverse and common mammals in South America during the Cenozoic. Several lineages within notoungulates (e.g., suborders Typotheria and Toxodontia) show a tendency for increased body sizes and hypsodonty during the last 50 Myr. However, the timing, evolutionary mode, and drivers of such tendencies are not entirely understood. In this paper, we use an extensive database of notoungulate fossil occurrences and body mass and hypsodonty estimates to characterize the evolutionary mode of these two phenotypic traits over time, test the extent to which several factors (e.g., development of open environments in the south of South America) have influenced it through time, and investigate whether large trait values were selected through elevated origination or reduced extinction rates. Our results demonstrate that most of the major notoungulate clades evolved toward larger body sizes (up 1500 kg) and higher tooth crown, from a small and low-crowned tooth ancestor, in a punctuated mode. We also show that body mass and the hypsodonty in typotherians and toxodonts had a coupled evolutionary history. Species sorting was a relevant macro-evolutionary process in some notoungulate clades, as taxa with high teeth crown and body mass had lower extinction rates. Finally, the development of the hypsodonty in notoungulates must reflect repeated and quick instances of adaptive responses to the increased availability of volcanic or other terrigenous particles, within the broad context of the SSA Cenozoic Andean mountain building.

关键词： 设备科建设   医疗设备管理   使用   维修  

摘要： 在市场需求的推动下,医院医疗设备不断更新,具有复杂多样的特点,使得医疗设备管理的难度有所提升.设备科作为医疗设备接触率最多的科室,承担着医疗设备使用与维修管理的责任,设备科的运行质量与管理水平,对医疗设备的优化配置,和医院正常业务的顺利展开具有重要影响.由此,医院强化了对设备科建设与医疗设备管理的重视.对此,本文将对设备科建设质量的提升进行分析,并以设备科为出发点,对医疗设备使用及维修管理有效性的提升路径进行探析,为医院正常业务的展开提供设备与管理支撑.

关键词： maturity   dormancy   eddy covariance   gap-filling   carbon source   warming potential   GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS   CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUXES   EDDY COVARIANCE DATA   CO2 EXCHANGE   SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA   ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS   BIOMASS ALLOCATION   TEMPORAL VARIATION   BLUE CARBON   WETLAND  

摘要： Salt marshes are large carbon reservoirs as part of blue carbon ecosystems. Unfortunately, there is limited information about the net ecosystem (NEE) and methane (CH4) exchange between salt marshes and the atmosphere to fully understand their carbon dynamics. We tested the influence of biophysical drivers by plant phenological phases (i.e., Greenup, Maturity, Senescence and Dormancy) on NEE and CH4 exchange in a grass-dominated temperate tidal salt marsh. We used three years of data derived from eddy covariance, PhenoCam (to measure vegetation phenology), and ancillary meteorological and water/soil variables. Overall, NEE showed significant differences among all phenological phases (p < 0.05), while CH4 exchange had significant differences among all phases except for Greenup and Dormancy. Net CO2 uptake was higher across Maturity (-61 g C-CO2 m(2)), while CO2 emissions were higher during Dormancy (182 g C-CO2 m(2)). The lower but constant CO2 emissions during Dormancy overshadowed the CO2 uptake during the growing season and contributed to >72% of the annual CO2 emissions in this ecosystem. Net CH4 emissions were higher during Maturity (3.7 g C-CH4 m(2)) and Senescence (4.2 g C-CH4 m(2)). Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) substantially influenced (r(2) > 0.57) daytime NEE across phenological phases, but a combination of variables including water table level (WTL), water temperature and atmospheric pressure were relevant to explain CH4 exchange. The study site was an overall net carbon source to the atmosphere with annual emissions of 13-201 g C-CO2 m(-2)yr(-1) and 8.5-15.2 g C-CH4 m(-2)yr(-1). Our findings provide insights on: a) the role of plant phenological phases on ecosystem-scale CO2 and CH4 fluxes; b) challenges for modeling ecosystem-scale CO2 and CH4 fluxes in salt marshes; and c) the potential net loss of carbon to the atmosphere that should be considered for carbon management and accounting in these ecosystems.

关键词： Sustainable development   Communities   Facilities management   Urban areas   Well-being   Smart cities   Urban FM   Sustainability   Health and well-being   Urban development   Community   PPPP  

摘要： Purpose This paper aims to illustrate where facility management (FM) is having an impact on the urban environment and what other work needs to be done to easier facilitate achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This is important for practices as it highlights opportunities where the FM discipline can develop and to research to illustrate where the discipline is going. The societal benefit is that we see Urban FM as an intermediator between citizens, public and private practices providing the platform of how they can work together for mutual benefit. Design/methodology/approach The method used is a literature review, looking latest state-of-art in the mentioned field has been assessed and the developments along with potential future research focuses, have been identified. The current scope to expand FM role were also taken into consideration from a recent workshop at the EuroFM conferences 2019 and 2020, several presentations at the CIB World Congress Hong Kong 2019, CIRRE 2018 and 2019, and special Facilities' issue, illustrating how FM works within Urban environments and the potential contribution the discipline makes on neighbourhoods, communities and broader city-scale. Findings The authors present how FM fits in with a Smart and Sustainable City context by positioning communities as core for meeting SDGs, but they often fall out of needs perspective for hard and soft services. Since 2018, the authors have intensely worked on this topic developing conference papers at both a European and international level. The topic of Urban FM is growing in importance based on out interactions at these conferences and interactions with FM network groups. In addition, the authors have been identifying gaps, with communities that are currently not being met by current urban practice perspectives but could be met through an Urban FM practice perspective. They have engaged an educational perspective of Urban FM by developing workshops, summer schools with student