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关键词： Environmental performance   Slack-based measure   Factor efficiency   Chinese cities   FOREIGN DIRECT-INVESTMENT   CARBON-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS   MARGINAL ABATEMENT COSTS   CO2 EMISSIONS   POLLUTION EXTERNALITIES   REDUCTION PERFORMANCE   PRODUCTIVITY   EFFICIENCY   GROWTH   POLLUTANTS  

摘要： This paper examines urban environmental performance using a unique database of 286 Chinese cities for the period 2002-2014. Both the dynamics of urban total factor environmental efficiency and total factor environmental productivity are explored employing slack-based measures. The findings reveal a U-shaped trend of urban environmental performance over time during the sample period. Energy conservation and pollutant reduction were the key drivers of this transformation, while the deterioration in capital efficiency slowed down this transformation. In terms of regional and city-size heterogeneities, the eastern and large cities showed better environmental performance. In addition, environmental Kuznets relationship existed for waste water and SO2 emissions, but not for CO2 emissions.

关键词： Species richness   Spontaneous plants   Urbanization   Urban greening   SPECIES RICHNESS   HABITAT FRAGMENTATION   KWANGJU CITY   LAND-USE   DIVERSITY   CITIES   URBANIZATION   VEGETATION   EXPANSION   DYNAMICS  

摘要： Urban green space provides refuges for species that are unintentionally introduced by humans and which do not belong to the remnants of natural habitats in urban areas. However, the quantitative relationships between urban green space properties and these spontaneous species are unclear. To address this, we surveyed plant species occurring in urban green patches in Kunming city, which is located in a biodiversity hotspot in southwest China. We classified spontaneous plants into native, non-native and invasive plant species. A total of 386 spontaneous species belonging to 278 genera and 92 families were recorded in 190 patches. Most of the recorded species were herbaceous plants (76.2 %). While invasive species constituted a relatively small proportion of the total species pool (17.9 %), six out of ten of the most frequently occurring species were invasive. Regression models inspired by the theory of Island Biogeography show that total, native, non-native and invasive spontaneous species richness in urban green patches were best explained by the size of the ?island? (patch area), dispersal limitations (as expressed by ?distance to city boundary?) and edge effects (as shown by the landscape shape index). While the set of drivers of spontaneous plants is similar for the different groups of species, the relative importance of each driver varies among them. Our study provides quantification of drivers of biodiversity patterns in urban green space. Based on this understanding, planning and management of urban green space can be adapted to maximize spontaneous plant conservation in rapidly urbanizing biodiversity hotspot regions.

关键词： Employee spin-offs   Product substitutability   Employee poaching   Intrapreneurial attempts   Parental hostility   Spin-off performance   CORPORATE VENTURE   FIRM FORMATION   START-UPS   KNOWLEDGE   MOBILITY   ENTREPRENEURSHIP   ENTRY   DISAGREEMENTS   CAPABILITIES   INNOVATION  

摘要： Many entrepreneurs commercialize an idea they initially developed as employees of an incumbent firm. While some face retaliatory reactions from their (former) employer, others are left alone or even supported. It is not clear, however, why some employee spin-offs face parental hostility while others do not, and to what extent this parental hostility affects employee spin-offs' performance. Integrating the resource-based view with insights on competition and retaliation, we propose that parental hostility increases with the (perceived) competitive threat posed by an employee spin-off. Specifically, we advance employee spin-offs' initial strategic actions (offering substitute products, hiring employees of the parent, and attempting to first develop the idea inside the parent) as key drivers of parental hostility and consequent spin-off performance. Results from a pooled dataset of 1083 employee spin-offs in Germany confirm that these initial strategic actions trigger parental hostility, which in turn, and contrary to expectations, positively affects employee spin-offs' innovation and economic performance. These results advance the literature on employee spin-offs in several ways and have important practical implications.

关键词： Affect   Attitude   Intention   Web expertise   Web knowledge   Managers   INFORMATION-TECHNOLOGY   USER ACCEPTANCE   BRAND ATTITUDE   CONSUMERS   WEB   INTERNET   ADOPTION   DESIGN   TRUST   KNOWLEDGE  

摘要： Purpose Existing literature reveals a general lack of research on business-to-business (B2B) ecommerce showcasing how managers' affect plays a role in enhancing their attitude toward the businesses they work with. The purpose of this study is to fill that void by ascertaining whether managers' corporate website knowledge, corporate website expertise and affect toward a corporate site influence their attitude toward the corporate website. It also investigates whether managers' attitude guides corporate website usage intention in the context of two culturally diverse countries. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from managers from the USA and Kuwait using an online survey method. Structural equation modeling using EQS 6.2 software was used for analysis. Findings The results indicate that corporate Web knowledge influences Web expertise and affect in the US sample; in the Kuwaiti sample, Web knowledge influences Web expertise but does not influence affect. The findings in both studies reveal that managers' knowledge about the Web has a positive effect on their attitude toward a business website. For Kuwaiti managers, Web expertise has a positive influence on affect. However, Web expertise does not influence managers' affect in the US sample. The results further suggest that affect influences a manager's attitude toward corporate websites in the US and Kuwaiti samples. Originality/value Self-efficacy and affect infusion theories serve as the foundation for this study. This research adds to these two theories in three ways. First, it examines the combined influence of affect and attitude on B2B managers' intent to use a corporate website. Second, it proposes a single model that examines the combined relationships among managers' knowledge and managers' Web expertise that elicit managerial affect toward corporate websites. Third, the proposed model was tested using samples from two diverse countries (developed, the USA, and developing, Kuwait).

关键词： Business model innovation   Big data   Facility management   Data-driven business model   Transition economy   BIG DATA   CAPTURING VALUE   INNOVATION   ANALYTICS   SUPPLIER   STRATEGY  

摘要： Purpose One of the leading factors that shape product and service delivery are data collected in databases and other repositories maintained by companies. The transformation of such data into knowledge and wisdom may constitute a new source of income. This paper aims to explore how small/medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) advance their business models (BMs) around data to handle data-driven products and how this contributes to their innovativeness and performance. Design/methodology/approach To investigate the phenomenon, the as-is BM of a multinational SME was mapped and its limitations were revealed through a qualitative study. The BM canvas was used. Then the data-driven approach was innovated within the facility management (FM) industry, where a high volume of operational and sensor-based data being collected creates added value in terms of new data-based products. Findings A data-driven business model (DDBM) blueprint for the FM industry that supports the need to complement service-driven operations with the data-driven approach is delivered. Enhanced BM equips a facility manager with additional managerial tools that enable decreasing property utilization costs and opens up new opportunities for generating revenue. This paper drafts the way to evolve from service to data-driven business and point out the attitudes that managers should adopt to promote and implement DDBM. Practical implications The DDBM constitutes a guideline that supports FM organizations in focusing their activities and resources on generating business value from data and monetizing data-driven products. Originality/value The research expands knowledge regarding BMs and their evolution. The gap regarding the DDBM innovation within the FM industry is filled.