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关键词： research   clinical trials   drug interactions   regression analysis   DISEASE  

摘要： Background: In practice the benefit of cardiovascular medicines is less consistent than it is in clinical trials. This is due to multiple uncontrolled factors that co-determine the efficacy of the new treatment. In statistical terms, they interact with the new treatment. Interaction effects are rarely assessed in cardiovascular trials. Objective: To review (1) important factors that may interact with the treatment efficacy, (2) how to examine such factors, and (3) why so. Results. Important factors include (a) possible risk factors such as specific patient characteristics, and concomitant medications, and (b) study-specific aspects such as heterogeneities of investigators, health centres, and individual patients including patient compliance. Such factors can be assessed by comparing subgroups. A common but incorrect approach is the comparison of the significances of difference between treatment modalities in either subgroup. Instead, a direct comparison of effect sizes relative to the standard errors is adequate. As an alternative, regression modelling is adequate and convenient. Results of interaction assessments are post-hoc and, therefore, of an exploratory and unconfirmed nature. So, why should they be performed? In cardiovascular research the effects of patient characteristics and drug-drug interactions on drug efficacies are numerous. It is valuable to account at least post-hoc for such mechanisms. Second, current cardiovascular trials involve heterogeneous health centres, investigators, and patient groups. Accounting for these heterogeneities can be helpful to better predict individual responses in future patients. Conclusion: Cardiovascular trials enrolling patient groups at risk for heterogeneity should include at least a post-hoc assessment for interaction. Correct and incorrect methods for that purpose are described. Interaction assessments are helpful to better predict the efficacy/safety of new cardiovascular medicines in the future treatment of subgrou

关键词： 合同违约   装潢公司   履行合同   质量标准   行业惯例   法律依据   违约责任   约定  

摘要： 事出缘由：李某于2006年9月上旬和某装潢公司签定一份买卖地板的合同，约定在今年年底一手交钱一手交货．但将到履行合同时同时，装潢公司发来一份函．要求李某先发货，由他们进行检验，如符合质量标准．10天后再付款给李某。装潢公司并且提出，这是他们的行业惯例，如李某不照他们的意见办，就要负违约责任．李某认为装潢公司的要求并不符合法律依据．但又不知该如何处理。

关键词： 买卖合同   分期付款   合同形式   合同内容   买受人利益保护  

摘要： 以分期付款买卖合同为视角研究买卖合同的形式及内容的法律规制仍有诸多疑惑有待确定。分期付款中的“分期”与“付款”的界定系确定分期付款买卖基本涵义的关键。发达国家或地区对于分期付款买卖合同形式之法律规制系基于立法与司法制度层面更为复杂、深刻的考虑。演变中的合同形式所体现的形式价值以及合同形式瑕疵所生的其与合同效力的关系,基本涵盖了合同形式法律规制的全部思想。分期付款买卖合同内容之法律规制体现了对买受人(消费者)利益的特殊保护。

关键词： Web分类   包装器   Web页面分块   语义特征分析   WCSW规则  

摘要： Web网站按自身的导航体系组织信息,其导航体系中含有分类语义特征.为实现有效的Web信息抽取,针对Web网站的分类体系,提出了基于HTML页面分块算法的Web网站分类体系包装器WCSW(website classification system wrapper),WCSW将整个网站作为包装对象,以分块算法和块语义特征分析为基础,根据抽取规则对网站具有分类语义的导航信息块进行处理.实验结果表明:抽取的Web网站分类层次的准确率较高,实用性较强.

关键词： motor   neuropsychological assessment   sensory   statistics   validity   CONSTRUCTS   CHILDREN  

摘要： The ability to differentiate between neurologically impaired and normal individuals is an important component in a valid neuropsychological battery. However, limited research exists regarding the ability of sensory-motor batteries to differentiate between the two groups. This study used Classification and Regression Tree Analysis (CART) to identify which measures of sensory-motor functioning from the Dean-Woodcock Sensory Motor Battery (DWSMB) would best differentiate between neurologically impaired and normal individuals, as well as identify which subtests would provide the best pathognomic power. The results revealed that a number of clinically useful nodes emerged that enabled the differentiation between groups with a small number of tasks. The primary separation variable was the Gait and Station subtest, a measure of subcortical motor functioning. Auditory Acuity and Clock Construction also provide important pathognomic information. A cross validation was conducted to determine the integrity of the generated decision tree, and results revealed that the generated model correctly predicted 84.5% of the normal group and 71.4% of the neurologically impaired sample. The results from the present analysis provides further evidence for the construct validity of the DWSMB.

关键词： gene expression   microarrays   prediction   predictive inference   sample size   PROGNOSTIC CLASSIFICATION   PREDICTION   CANCER  

摘要： Many gene expression studies attempt to develop a predictor of pre-defined diagnostic or prognostic classes. If the classes are similar biologically, then the number of genes that are differentially expressed between the classes is likely to be small compared to the total number of genes measured. This motivates a two-step process for predictor development, a subset of differentially expressed genes is selected for use in the predictor and then the predictor constructed from these. Both these steps will introduce variability into the resulting classifier, so both must be incorporated in sample size estimation. We introduce a methodology for sample size determination for prediction in the context of high-dimensional data that captures variability in both steps of predictor development. The methodology is based on a parametric probability model, but permits sample size computations to be carried out in a practical manner without extensive requirements for preliminary data. We find that many prediction problems do not require a large training set of arrays for classifier development.

关键词： 招标   投标   合同形式   合同成立  

摘要： 以招标投标方式订立合同,一般要经过招标、投标、定标几个阶段,定标后招标人应向中标人发出中标通知书,并将中标结果同时通知未中标的投标人。中标通知书在法律性质上属于承诺,这在理论上和实务中都没有太大分歧。但中标通知书发出后合同是否成立却在学界引起了剧烈的争论,在实务中出现了两种截然相反的判例。一种观点认为,中标通知书发出后合同成立;反对观点则认为,中标通知书发出后合同未成立,要等到招标人和中标人签定书面合同时合同才成立。持相反观点的双方都试图从招标投标法和合同法本身去寻找法律依据,但是对于对方的论点并没有形成直接的回应,因此造成两种观点都各有弊端。有学者还从应然和实然两种角度展开分析,得出,从应然角度上讲,中标通知书发出后合同应当成立,但从实然角度上讲,从我国现行招标投标法和和合同法的规定上看,中标通知书发出后合同并未成立的结论。1 本文认为,无论从应然角度还是从实然角度分析,中标通知书发出后合同均即成立。认为从实然角度分析中标通知书发出后合同未成立,实际上是对我国相关法律规定的误读。 本文共分五章,第一章从一个实际发生的典型案例入手,引出本文要探讨的问题,;第二章介绍了合同成立的一般理论,从要约邀请、要约和承诺角度说明合同成立的一般程序;第三章介绍了招标投标过程中合同成立的程序,并对招标、投标、定标的法律性质进行了阐释,招标、投标、定标其法律性质分别对应缔约理论中的要约邀请、要约和承诺;第四章探讨了合同形式与合同成立之间的关系,批判了合同成立特别要件理论,得出合同成立与合同形式无关,除非合同形式属于合同当事人双方的合意内容的结论;第五章则从预约、确认书和合同书三个角度入手,对我国现行有关法律规定进行解释学上的梳理,与反对观点的论据逐一展开直接的论战,并通过这种方式论证本文的观点,最后得出本文的结论——中标通知书发出后合同成立。 在得出本文结论之后,本文认为,现行法律有关规定确有需要明确的地方,因此提出笔者个人的见解,以期对将来《招标投标法实施细则》的制定有所裨益。

关键词： 进出口价格   综合实验   国际贸易业务   《国际贸易实务》   实验过程  

摘要： 《进出口价格核算综合实验》是《国际贸易实务》课程中一个重要的内容,它对于增强学生的实践能力,提高学生进出口价格核算的技能具有现实意义。然而,在实验过程中学生反映出了所面临的一些难题,如:感觉比较盲目、没有

关键词： noncovalent interactions   solvation   interactions of nucleobases   protein aggregation   ion mobility   AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN   INFRARED RADIATIVE DISSOCIATION   GAS-PHASE PROTEINS   AMINO-ACID   PROTON AFFINITIES   MONOMER STRUCTURE   BINDING-ENERGIES   G-QUADRUPLEXES   HYDRATION   ELECTROSPRAY  

ISBN: (纸本)0824310586;9780824310585

摘要： With the development of electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, mass spectrometry (IMS) evolved into a powerful tool in the field of biochemistry. Whereas MS is primarily analytical in nature, an increasing number of MS research groups employ the method to address fundamental biochemical questions. Probing the interaction of noncovalendy bound molecules in the mass spectrometer is one of the most interesting MS-based experiments possible today, with the potential of making a significant contribution to the basic understanding of the structure and function of biochemical complexes. Here we review a number of current research efforts employing primarily MS techniques to investigate intermolecular interactions in biochemical systems. Examples chosen include the interaction of biomolecules with solvent molecules; interactions between nucleic-acid molecules, in particular, interactions in duplex and quadruplex structures; and interactions between proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Finally we conclude by presenting a few examples of very large biomolecular assemblies in the mega-Dalton range analyzed by MS.

关键词： CONTRACTS   CHEMICAL engineers   ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc.   COMMERCIAL law   LEGAL instruments   SUBCONTRACTING  

摘要： The article reports on the decision of Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) to extend its long-standing forms of contract series with the launch of four international contracts, designed for use within process-related business. The IChemE contracts working party has produced all three main forms of contract and subcontract after the success of the consultation edition, including The International Red Book--Lump Sum Contracts, The International Green Book--Cost Reimbursable and 'The International Burgundy Book--Target Cost.