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关键词： electron density distribution   high pressure   single-crystal diffraction study   maximum entropy method   charge transfer   electron-lattice interaction   DIAMOND-ANVIL CELL   PHASE-TRANSITION   HIGH-TEMPERATURE   DENSITY   ILMENITE   FETIO3   KNBO3   DISTRIBUTIONS   CALIBRATION   PEROVSKITE  

摘要： Single-crystal diffraction studies have been conducted up to 50 GPa using synchrotron radiation with diamond anvil cells. Electron density distribution (EDD) analysis has been performed by the maximum entropy method (MEM) using single-crystal diffraction intensity data in order to elucidate the electric conductivity change, electronic state, charge transfer and charge disproportionation with changing pressure. The MEM calculation based on F-obs(h k l) shows a much more precise EDD than the difference Fourier synthesis based on F-obs(h k l) - F-calc(h k l). The radial distribution of the density indicates the enhancement of the electron localization with increasing pressure. The anisotropy in the electric conductivity of FeTiO3 ilmenite has been clarified by the EDD analysis. The MEM analyses clarify the structure transition from the cubic to tetragonal structure of Fe2TiO4 ulvospinel. The Jahn-Teller distortion is induced from Fe2+ (3d(6)) at the tetrahedral site at low temperature and high pressure (HP). The electron density analyses at HPs also elucidate the structure changes of KNbO3, PbTiO3 and BaTiO3 ferroelectrics. The static dipole moment can be evaluated by the observed effects and deformation of the site symmetry.

关键词： SHARED-EPITOPE   METAANALYSIS   DISEASE   ASSOCIATIONS   ETHNICITY   GENOTYPE   JAPANESE   SMOKING   RISK  

摘要： Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex polygenic disease of unknown etiology. HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding the shared epitope (SE) (RAA amino acid pattern in positions 72 to 74 of the third hypervariable region of the DR beta 1 chain) are associated with RA susceptibility. A new classification of HLA-DRB1 SE alleles has been developed by Tezenas du Montcel and colleagues to refine the association between HLA-DRB1 and RA. In the present study, we used RA samples collected worldwide to investigate the relevance of this new HLA-DRB1 classification in terms of RA susceptibility across various Caucasoid and non-Caucasoid patients. Methods Eighteen subsamples were defined from a total number of 759 cases and 789 controls and grouped in 10 samples on the basis of their ethnic origin. HLA-DRB1 alleles were divided into five groups (S(1), S(2), S(3D), S(3P), and X) according to the new HLA-DRB1 allele classification. The whole analysis was performed by comparing carrier frequencies for the five HLA-DRB1 allele groups between RA patients and controls across the 10 Caucasoid and non-Caucasoid samples. The Mantel-Haenszel method of meta-analysis provided a global odds ratio (OR) estimate with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results A positive association with RA susceptibility was found for S(2) allele carriers (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.54 to 3.00; p < 10(-5)) and S(3P) allele carriers (OR 2.74, 95% CI 2.01 to 3.74; p < 10(-5)). A negative association was found for S(1) alleles (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.76; p < 10(-4)) and X alleles (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.84; p = 4 x 10(-3)). No significant association was highlighted for the S(3D) group of alleles (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.14; p = 0.89). The complementary genotype analysis fit with the genotype risk hierarchy previously reported in Caucasoid RA patients. Conclusion So far, the present study is the first attempt to investigate the relevance of this new HLA-DRB1 classification in terms of RA susceptibility on both Caucaso

关键词： 施工企业   合同管理   效率   组织结构形式  

摘要： 合同管理不仅影响到合同能否顺利实施,而且决定了施工企业的盈利能力。合同管理的效率取决于项目管理的组织形式。而合适的组织形式的选择取决于组织的目标和任务。合同管理是一项复杂的动态管理工作。为了提高合同管理的效率就必须对项目管理组织形式进行改进,使之适合合同管理的需要。

关键词： 临床检验   肾综合征出血热   早期临床特征   特征分型   注意事项  

摘要： 肾综合征出血热是由汉坦病毒所致的一种自然疫源性疾病,是我国除病毒性肝炎之外受害最大的病毒性传染病.由于该病早期临床表现复杂、近年不典型病例增多、新疫区不断增多、没有特异性诊断技术、临床医生认识不足等因素,误诊误治病例逐年增多,常因此导致延误治疗甚至病情恶化.笔者现将临床检验对早期诊断肾综合征出血热的指导作用的体会介绍如下,以供同行参考,具有一定借鉴意义.

关键词： 合同形式   发展规律   比较法  

摘要： 本文用历史方法和比较法的方法,分析合同形式的发展历程及其背后的原因。揭示出合同形式经历由强制主义——意思主义——有限强制主义的演变过程,以期能给我国相关立法提供借鉴。

关键词： 房屋租赁   合同   违约   装潢物   处理  

摘要： 结合实践,对一起房屋租赁合同因承租人违约致合同解除后,承租人所遗留的装潢之物的处理问题进行分析讨论。

关键词： administration of drugs   long-term care   medication errors   multidose repackaging   quality of care  

摘要： Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify and classify errors associated with the repackaging of residents' medications in long-term care facilities in Germany. Methods: This was a prospective 8-week study conducted in 3 long-term care facilities. Pill organizers, each of which contained all repackaged solid oral dosage forms of long-term medications for a particular resident for an entire day, were inspected and checked against residents' medication sheets by the investigator-pharmacist. On agreement between the pharmacist and the registered nurse responsible for residents' medications, all errors were rectified before medications were administered. The primary study measure was the overall rate of incorrectly repackaged medications relative to all repackaged medications. Secondary measures were the proportion of all pill organizers with medication errors and the proportion of residents who would have been affected by these errors. Errors were categorized by type as follows: wrong time of administration, wrong dose, wrong medication, omission of a medication, extra dose, incorrect halving of tablets, and damaged medication. Results: One hundred ninety-six residents were included in the study, representing 8798 daily pill organizers and 48,512 inspected medications. Residents received a mean of 5.4 solid oral dosage forms of long-term medications per day. Six hundred forty-five errors were detected, for an error rate of 1.3%; the errors involved 7.3% of daily pill organizers and 53.0% of residents. The largest proportion of errors involved incorrect halving of tablets (49.1%), followed by omission of a medication (22.0%), extra dose (9.8%), wrong time of administration (8.4%), damaged medication (6.4%), wrong dose (4.2%), and wrong medication (0.2%). These results may underestimate true rates of repackaging errors across long-term care facilities in Germany, as the conditions in the 3 facilities in this study were near-optimal in terms of the environment, pro

关键词： 显失公平   可撤销   形式正义   实质正义  

摘要： 在现代民法的立法实践中,将更注重客观结果上不均衡性的显失,公平合同也纳入到可撤销合同之列的做法,表面上似乎与契约自由原则有着根本性的冲突,但实际上却体现着现代民法所追求的实质正义理念的精神。

关键词： performance estimation   finite sample size   resampling   CROSS-VALIDATION   DESIGN  

摘要： In a practical classifier design problem the sample size is limited, and the available finite sample needs to be used both to design a classifier and to predict the classifier's performance for the true population. Since a larger sample is more representative of the population, it is advantageous to design the classifier with all the available cases, and to use a resampling technique for performance prediction. We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation study to compare the ability of different resampling techniques in predicting the performance of a neural network (NN) classifier designed with the available sample. We used the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve as the performance index for the NN classifier. We investigated resampling techniques based on the cross-validation, the leave-one-out method, and three different types of bootstrapping, namely, the ordinary, .632, and .632+ bootstrap. Our results indicated that, under the study conditions, there can be a large difference in the accuracy of the prediction obtained from different resampling methods, especially when the feature space dimensionality is relatively large and the sample size is small. Although this investigation is performed under some specific conditions, it reveals important trends for the problem of classifier performance prediction under the constraint of a limited data set. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 合同成立   电子邮件   当事人   电子函件   法律风险   模拟通信   传真   数据电文  

摘要： 现代通讯技术的发展和广泛应用促进了商业贸易的迅猛发展,传真、电子邮件、MSN等新兴通讯方式已经被广泛应用于商务洽谈、信息传递以及订立合约的过程中,使得交易更加简便快捷。在享受传真等数据电文方式带来的便利之时,如何识别和防范其中可能存在的商业和法律风险,已经成为我们业务开展中面临的重要课题之一。