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关键词： Incident dementia   Dementia, early identification   Classification models   ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE   COGNITIVE DECLINE   TWINS   DETERMINANTS   METAANALYSIS   DEPRESSION   REGRESSION   DIAGNOSIS   COMMUNITY   EUROPE  

摘要： Aim: To evaluate previously developed classification models to make implementation in primary care possible and aid early identification of persons at risk for dementia. Methods: Data were drawn from the OCTO-Twin study. At baseline, 521 persons >= 80 years of age were nondemented, and for 387 a blood sample was available. Predictors of dementia were collected and analyzed in initially nondemented persons using generalized estimating equations and Cox survival analyses. Results: In the basic model using predictors already known or easily obtained ( basic set), the mean 2-year predictive value increased from 6.9 to 28.8% in persons with memory complaints and an MMSE score <= 25. In the extended model, using both the basic set and an extended set of predictors requiring further assessment, the 8-year predictive value increased from 15.0 to 45.8% in persons with low cholesterol and an MMSE score <= 24. Conclusion: Both models can contribute to an improved early identification of persons at risk for dementia in primary care. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel

关键词： 企业合同管理   问题   对策  

摘要： 文章阐述了合同管理在现代企业管理中的重要性,列举了众多企业合同管理中存在的常见问题,提出了解决这些问题的办法和对策。

关键词： curriculum-based measurement   cutoff points   first-and sixth-grade readers   oral reading fluency   timed reading and measurements  

摘要： Children in general education are classified by measures of oral reading fluency (ORF) to determine the level of support needed for reading. In addition, teachers use ORF measures with children who receive special education services to determine whether they are making progress toward their reading goals. In this descriptive study, the authors examined the accuracy of scoring for the 45 preservice teachers using the ORF subtest of the Dynamic Indicator of Basic Early Literacy Skills (R. H. Good & R. A. Kaminski, 2002) for 1st-and 6th-grade readers. Preservice teachers correctly classified a 1st-grade reader by using cutoff points. However, 48.8% of preservice teachers incorrectly classified the 6th-grade reader when an alternative classification was more appropriate. The authors make practical recommendations for teachers to ensure accuracy of scoring with timed reading measurements.

关键词： Law students   Law schools   Attorneys   Litigation   College admission   Business contracts   Contract theory   Legal duty  

摘要： When the author first started teaching legal writing, her courses focused on teaching first-year law students to analyze, research, and write in the litigation context. It is now several years later, and she teaches a course titled "Contract Drafting and Negotiating" at Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University. The goal of her course is to provide students with the opportunity to learn the basic principles of contract drafting, interpretation, and negotiation. Here are six practical guidelines to assist law student in revising a form contract, tailoring it, and turning it into a well-drafted, complete, and effective contract: 1. Think through the life of the contract under various fact patterns. 2. Clearly and consistently set forth the parties' rights and obligations. 3. Understand every provision of the contract. 4. Use recitals and definitions to reflect the parties' specific transaction. 5. Use plain language. 6. Use proper grammar, a clear writing style, and logical organization.

关键词： 预期违约   不安抗辩   竞合   冲突  

摘要： 英美法的预期违约与大陆法的不安抗辩制度同为保护合同期待权而构建的法律制度,而我国合同法对这两种制度进行了融合。但是,在司法实践中却出现了很多矛盾,并且难以操作,立法者所期望的两种制度融合的优越性并未体现出来。本人建议对两种制度进行修改和完善,在并存的基础上消除冲突。

关键词： food item classification   probabilistic modelling   Monte Carlo simulation   migration   Hub codes   exposure assessment   food contact materials  

摘要： This paper describes development work undertaken to expand the capabilities of an existing two-dimensional probabilistic modelling approach for assessing dietary exposure to chemicals migrating out of food contact materials. A new three-level hub-coding system has been devised for coding different food groups with regards to their consumption by individuals. The hub codes can be used at three different levels representing a high, medium and low level of aggregation of individual food items. The hub codes were developed because they have a greater relevance to packaging migration than coding used (largely and historically) for nutritional purposes. Also, the hub codes will assist pan-europeanization of the exposure model in the future, when up to 27 or more different food coding systems from 27 European Union Member States will have to be assimilated into the modelling approach. The applicability of the model with the new coding system has been tested by incorporating newly released 2001 UK consumption data. The example used was exposure to a hypothetical migrant from coated metal packaging for foodstuffs. When working at the three hierarchical levels, it was found that the tiered approach gave conservative estimates at the cruder level of refinement and a more realistic assessment was obtained as the refinement progressed. The work overall revealed that changes in eating habits over time had a relatively small impact on estimates of exposure. More important impacts are changes over time in packaging usage, packaging composition and migration levels. For countries like the UK, which has sophisticated food consumption data, it is uncertainties in these other areas that need to be addressed by new data collection.

ISBN: (数字)9787800008023

关键词： Construction industry   Contracts   Dispute resolutions   Corruption  

摘要： Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to focus on the Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs-Conseils (FIDIC) White Book standard form of building contract. It tracks the changes to this contract over its four editions, and seeks to identify their underlying causes. Design/methodology/approach - The changes made to the White Book are quantified using a specific type of quantitative content analysis. The amended clauses are then examined to understand the nature of the changes made. Findings - The length of the contract increased by 34 per cent between 1990 and 2006. A large proportion of the overall increase can be attributed to the clauses dealing with "conflict of interest/corruption" and "dispute resolution". In both instances, the FIDIC drafting committees have responded to international developments to discourage corruption, and to encourage the use of alternative dispute resolution. Between 1998 and 2006, the average length of the sentences increased slightly, raising the question of whether long sentences are easily understood by users of contracts. Research limitations/implications - Quantification of text appears to be particularly useful for the analysis of documents which are regularly updated because changes can be clearly identified and the length of sentences can be determined, leading to conclusions about the readability of the text. However, caution is needed because changes of great relevance can be made to contract clauses without actually affecting their length. Practical implications - The paper will be instructive for contract drafters and informative for users of FIDIC's White Book. Originality/value - Quantifying text has been rarely used regarding standard-form contracts in the field of construction.

关键词： LATER-MIDDLE-AGES   GLASTONBURY ESTATES   AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION   CATHEDRAL-PRIORY   RISK PREFERENCES   ECONOMIC-GROWTH   LABOR CONTRACTS   ENGLAND   MANORS   CENTURIES  

摘要： Throughout western Europe, beginning about 1200, leasing of lords' estates became more common relative to direct management. In England, however, direct management increased beginning around the same time and until the fourteenth century, and leasing increased thereafter. This article models contract choice as a trade-off between incentives and insurance. Leasing increases as living standards improve. In England, the increase in direct management can be explained by improved security of freehold tenure, and the increase in leasing can be explained not only by living standards but also by improved security of leasehold tenure.

关键词： 质量控制   室内质控   室间质量评价   微生物检验  

摘要： [目的]对室间质评活动结果进行分析,找出存在的问题,加强室内质量控制,提高微生物鉴定水平。[方法]由卫生部临检中心和四川省临检中心发放室间质评标本,按照标准方法进行鉴定及药敏试验,共对150株细菌进行鉴定,并对部份菌株进行药敏试验。[结果]菌株鉴定正确率90.7%,鉴定正确率较低的是革兰阳性杆菌和真菌,分别为77.8%和89.5%,药敏试验符合率为90.3%。[结论]参加微生物室间质量评价工作,可促进微生物实验室的常规工作、加强室内质量控制、提高专业人员的技术水平和细菌学诊断水平。