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关键词： ISO15189   检验医学学科   学科建设   GB   国际标准化组织   实验室质量   医学实验室   检验程序  

摘要： 医学实验室检验程序的标准化、规范化、现代化、国际化是保证检验结果质量的根本保证。为此，国际标准化组织在2003年颁布了国际性医学实验室质量管理文件《医学实验室质量和能力的专用要求》即ISO15189。我国〈全国医学实验室及体外诊断标准委员会（SCTC／136）〉已将2007版《要求》等同转化为“国标”（下简称：《要求》）即GB／T22586：2008-／ISO5189：2007并经国家标准委员会批准于2008年12月颁布，2010年2月实施。这对检验医学学科的发展具有重要意义。

关键词： Pyrolysis   Recycling   Plastics wastes   HZSM-5   Red mud   AlCl3   CATALYTIC CRACKING   RED MUD   MIXED-PLASTICS   POLYETHYLENE   HYDRODECHLORINATION   HYDROGENATION   LIQUEFACTION   DEGRADATION   TEMPERATURE   PRODUCTS  

摘要： Plastic wastes coming from a waste packaging separation and classification plant have been pyrolysed in a semibatch nonstirred autoclave, swept by a continuous flow of N-2. The plastic waste contains 39.5% PE. 34.2% PP, 16.2% PS and EPS, and some other minor materials. Temperatures in the range 400-600 degrees C have been explored, and it has been found that over 460 degrees C total thermal decomposition of the waste plastics takes place. Three catalysts have been tested: HZSM-5, red mud and AlCl3. Solid yields about 5-7%, liquid yields in the range 40-70% and gas yields in the range 12-24% were obtained. The liquid products were a mixture of C-5-C-20 compounds with a very high proportion of aromatics (>70%). Such liquids contain significant amounts of valuable chemicals such as styrene (20-40%), toluene (9-15%) and ethylbenzene (7-16%) and have rather high GCV (40-43 MJ kg(-1)). Thermal pyrolysis oils were a wax-like product which solidified at room temperature, whereas the oils obtained with any of the catalysts were less viscous and maintained in liquid state at room temperature. HZSM-5 favoured gas production and, increased the aromaticity and decreased the carbon number of the oils. AlCl3 did not modify pyrolysis yields but gave rise to lighter liquids. Red mud produced higher liquid yields and the liquids were less viscous, but it was not observed a clear effect on the carbon number of the oils. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bioavailability   BDE-47   BaP   Desorption   Aging   Temperature   POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS   HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS   LUMBRICULUS-VARIEGATUS   POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS   BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY   TENAX(R) EXTRACTION   SORPTION KINETICS   BLACK CARBON   BIOACCUMULATION   PYRENE  

摘要： The effects of temperature and sediment-chemical contact time on desorption and bioaccumulation of sediment-spiked C-14-labelled 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromo diphenyl ether (BDE-47) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were examined. Experiments were performed after 2 or 6 weeks and 23 or 24 months sediment-chemical contact time at 10 and 20 degrees C. Desorption was measured in a sediment-water suspension using Tenax (R) extraction, and bioaccumulation was measured by exposing Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta) to BDE-47 and BaP-spiked sediments in a 10d kinetic study. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) ranged between 2.9 and 4.3 for BDE-47 and between 0.5 and 0.9 for Bap. Thus, temperature and aging had a minor effect on bioavailability estimates. On the other hand, the difference between the chemicals was clear and could not be interpreted solely by reference to the size of the desorbing fractions, although the rapidly desorbing fraction-revised estimate clearly reduced the difference. The remaining discrepancy may be related to methodological (Tenax extraction vs. worm exposure) and/or biological (digestive extraction) causes. However, the data support the role of diffusional forces in the bioavailability of sediment-associated organic contaminants. Therefore, desorption-revised bioavailability estimates would lead to more precise bioavailability estimates than the traditional sediment organic carbon-organisms' lipids-based equilibrium partitioning approach. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 种子检验   种子鉴定   遗传质量   假劣种子  

摘要： 种子检验是一个过程,检验的对象是产品即种子,也可以是过程,检验的手段可以是观察和判断,也可以是测试、试验。一、种子检验的方法1.田间检验。是对种子田的隔离条件、亲本质量、除杂情况等进行检查,判定种子田是否合格的活动。其作用主要有两方面:一是提高种子遗传质量。

关键词： 违约责任   侵权责任   责任竞合  

摘要： 责任竟合是司法实践中的常态,对此各国的处理方法各不相同。通过讨论各种学说和各国的实践及对我国处理这种情况的的分析。说明了采用分别依违约和侵权起诉即"双重起诉"的合理之处。

关键词： 食品   感官检验   卫生监督  

摘要： 感官检查是食品卫生监督检验工作中基本的、必需的检查之一.感官检查,就是人们利用自身的视觉、味觉、嗅觉、触觉客观地对食品本身的形态、色泽、味道、气味及软硬度进行卫生评价的过程.

关键词： D12   D91   E21   SOCIAL-SECURITY   PRECAUTIONARY SAVINGS   WEALTH   RETIREMENT   REFORM   IRAS  

摘要： This paper analyses the effects of social security reforms on saving in Britain. We use the British Household Panel Survey to investigate the interactions between voluntary additional contributions to personal pension plans (PPP) and saving in conventional forms. In particular, we test whether contributions to the PPP crowd out saving or constitute additional saving. Results suggest that not only have private pension schemes not crowded out private saving, but actually they have increased it too.

关键词： additivity   epidemiology   interaction   joint exposure   logistic regression   RISK   MORTALITY   DISEASE   CKD  

摘要： Clinical epidemiological studies investigate whether an exposure, or risk factor, is causally related to the development or progression of a disease or mortality. It might be of interest to study whether this relation is different in different types of patients. To address such research questions, the presence of interaction among risk factors can be examined. Causal interaction between two risk factors is considered most clinically relevant in epidemiology. Causal interaction occurs when two risk factors act together in causing disease and is explicitly defined as a deviation from additivity on a risk difference scale. Statistical interaction can be evaluated on both an additive (absolute risk) and multiplicative (relative risk) scale, depending on the model that is used. When using logistic regression models, which are multiplicative models, several measures of additive interaction are presented to evaluate whether the magnitude of an association differs across subgroups: the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), or the synergy index (S). For a transparent presentation of interaction effects the recent Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement advises reporting the separate effect of each exposure as well as the joint effect compared with the unexposed group as a joint reference category to permit evaluation of both additive and multiplicative interaction.

关键词： Procurement   Forms of contract   NEC Engineering and Construction Contract  

摘要： This paper examines by means of a case study the effectiveness of the project and process method detailed in the NEC Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC), as developed and published by the Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE), and makes recommendations regarding its future use. The performance of the ECC with that of a conventional form of contract delivered by two separate contractors to the same employer on the same site in similar timeframes in New Zealand provided a unique opportunity for comparison. The objective was to determine if the benefits claimed by the proponents of the NEC ECC were realised, to understand the factors which need to be considered to ensure successful use of this form of contract and to understand if any changes are needed to make the contract more effective in the NZ environment. Qualitative data were gathered by way of a series of semi-structured interviews with the project management teams of the employer and with both contractors, supplemented by secondary quantitative data extracted from project records. It is concluded that use of ECC does deliver business benefits. Minor changes are recommended for alignment with NZ statutes. It is considered that the findings will be of interest to project managers for larger and complex engineering and construction projects in any country. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd and IPMA. All rights reserved.

关键词： 循证检验医学   实验诊断学   教学  

摘要： 随着检验医学的发展,循证检验医学日渐成为国际关注的热点。为了帮助学生了解和认识循证检验医学,本文探讨了在医学检验系本科教育中开设循证检验医学课程的作用和意义,提出了课程教学目标和教学内容,并积极探索一种研究型、设计型、开放式的教学方式,以更好地促进临床检验医学的发展和检验地位的提高。