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关键词： 合同效力   大陆法系   英美法系   形式瑕疵   履行治愈   诚信原则  

摘要： 选取大陆法系和英美法系中的典型国家:德国和英国,比较其在立法和司法中如何救济在法定形式上存在瑕疵的合同效力。德国的效力设计是在一个原则性的强制性条款之下,在实务中充分运用履行治愈规则和诚信原则进行个案的公平性校正。英美法则很宽松,法官往往根据个案的不同情况,灵活地运用部分履行和禁反言原则进行衡量和判决。通过对比提出,德国模式较为适合我国的实际。因此,中国立法中应当重新构建履行治愈原则,司法中应谨慎运用诚实信用原则。

关键词： 消费者   交易过程   违约行为   争议处理   网络交易   经营者   违约现象   税务部门   社会监督   交易行为   交易市场   普遍性   自律   问题   实体   监管   工商   店面  

摘要： 一、网上交易过程违约及争议处理中存在的问题(一)经营者违约现象普遍网上经营者的违约行为越来越具有普遍性,给整个网络交易市场带来极坏的影响。究其原因,一是由于没有实体店面。

关键词： 临床护士   采血关   检验结果   准确性  

摘要： 目的探讨临床护士如何把好采血关,保证检验结果准确性。方法通过对临床护士采血前需要注意的事项进行分析,深刻认识护士把好采血关对辅助检验师保证检验结果的重要性。结果正确的血液标本采集是保证检验结果准确性的重要环节。结论准确的检验结果是临床医师做出正确诊断和治疗的重要依据,采血护士在协助检验师保证高质量的检验结果中的作用就显而易见了。

关键词： 缩短平均住院日   检验科   医院质量管理   医疗费用   医疗机构   卫生资源   医疗质量   医疗安全  

摘要： 平均住院日是反映医院质量管理水平的一项重要指标。各级医疗机构都在努力缩短平均住院日，以更有效地利用现有的卫生资源，减少患者的医疗费用和政府用于民众的医疗费用的开支。在保证医疗安全和医疗质量，不改变疾病治疗的基本科学规律的前提下，缩短平均住院日，对于政府、患者和医院都颇为受益。但其中医护人员要付出巨大的辛苦。

关键词： XANES   Temperature programmed desorption   Platinum   Support effect   Magnesium oxide   NOBLE-METAL CATALYSTS   PROPANE COMBUSTION   OXIDIZING ATMOSPHERE   ACID STRENGTH   RESISTANCE   PALLADIUM   HYDROCARBONS   DISPERSION   ADDITIVES   BEHAVIOR  

摘要： Support effect on the oxidation state of Pt nanoparticles was investigated by in situ laboratory XANES and O-2-TPD The support oxides used were MgO and Al2O3 In oxidizing condition, the surface of Pt nanoparticles supported on Al2O3 was rapidly oxidized to become the oxidation state of Pt(s)(2)O to Pt(s)O stoichiometry, where Pt(s) stands for the surface Pt atom, but further oxidation was not observed even at high temperature. On the other hand. Pt supported on MgO was highly oxidized in two steps at high temperature; rapid oxidation exceeding the stoichiometry of Pt(s)O, and slow further oxidation toward the stoichiometry of PtO2 The Pt particles on MgO would be redispersed and stabilized through the formation of atomically dispersed platinate anions, which would be tetravalent Pt cations coordinated by some oxygen anions, by the influence of the electrophobic cation of the support at high temperature and through the formation of Pt oxide cluster anions, (PtOx)(n)(y-), where x would be less than two, at lower moderate temperature (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved

关键词： Clustering   Mass spectrometry   Hybrid algorithm   Feature selection   Classification   GENE-EXPRESSION DATA   PROTEOMIC PATTERNS   ENSEMBLE METHODS   GA/KNN METHOD   CANCER   SERUM   MICROARRAY   DISCOVERY   SPECTRA  

摘要： Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has been established as a standard way for biomarker discovery and early detection of disease from the proteome level. However, the data generated by MS technology are noisy, have a lot of redundancy, and most importantly have low sample-to-dimension ratio. Therefore, successful analysis of MS data heavily relies on the algorithmic and data mining techniques used to extract information. In this paper, we briefly discuss some of the commonly used algorithms applied to mass-to-charge (m/z) feature selection, and propose a k-means clustering based hybrid algorithm to address the high-dimension and high-correlation issues associated with this task. Our k-means clustering based hybrid algorithm incorporates the advantages of both filter- and wrapper-based feature selection algorithms. A special iterative procedure is introduced to overcome the instability of k-means clustering and genetic algorithm. By comparing the proposed hybrid system with several popular m/z feature selection algorithms using 10 different classifiers, we show that the proposed algorithm is able to select m/z features with lower correlation while achieving higher sample classification accuracies. The m/z feature selection results also indicate that the proposed hybrid algorithm is very stable despite its stochastic nature. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Feature selection   Filter   Wrapper   SVM-RFE   Instance selection   MICROARRAY DATA   EXPRESSION   PREDICTION   RELEVANT   ALGORITHMS   REDUNDANCY   TUMOR  

摘要： T-statistic is widely used for gene ranking in the analysis of microarray gene expressions. Such a filter based criterion is generally computed using all the training samples, all of which, however, may not be equally important for classification task. In this paper, we decompose the t-statistic into two parts, corresponding to relevant and irrelevant data points. The relevant data points are selected using support vectors and then used to compute t-statistic for feature selection. By simultaneously selecting data points and genes, significantly better classification results are achieved on synthetic as well as on several benchmark cancer datasets. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Enzyme catalysis   Tunneling   Barrier compression   Promoting mode   Kinetic isotope effect   Catalytic entropy   TRANSITION-STATE STABILIZATION   PROTEIN PROMOTING VIBRATION   ENZYME CATALYSIS   CHORISMATE MUTASE   ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE   DIHYDROFOLATE-REDUCTASE   MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS   HYDRIDE TRANSFER   O-H   PRESSURE  

摘要： The idea that tunneling is enhanced by the compression of the donor-acceptor distance has attracted significant interest. In particular, recent studies argued that this proposal is consistent with pressure effects on enzymatic reactions, and that the observed pressure effects support the idea of vibrationally enhanced catalysis. However, a careful analysis of the current works reveals serious inconsistencies in the evidence presented to support these hypotheses. Apparently, tunneling decreases upon compression, and external pressure does not lead to the applicable compression of the free energy surface. Additionally, pressure experiments do not provide actual evidence for vibrationally enhanced catalysis. Finally, the temperature dependence of the entropy change in hydride transfer reactions is shown to reflect simple electrostatic effects. (C) 2010 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Matrix effects   Ion suppression   Plasma   Urine   Sample preparation   SPE   MS   CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY   LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY   PROTEIN PRECIPITATION   ELECTROSPRAY-IONIZATION   SIGNAL SUPPRESSION   ION SUPPRESSION   PLASMA SAMPLES   MS  

摘要： An exhaustive classification of matrix effects occurring when a sample preparation is performed prior to liquid-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses was proposed. A total of eight different situations were identified allowing the recognition of the matrix effect typology via the calculation of four recovery values. A set of 198 compounds was used to evaluate matrix effects after solid phase extraction (SPE) from plasma or urine samples prior to LC-ESI-MS analysis. Matrix effect identification was achieved for all compounds and classified through an organization chart. Only 17% of the tested compounds did not present significant matrix effects. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 烟蒂   痕迹   物证   现场   法医学  

摘要： 目的本文通过探讨现场烟蒂的提取、检验、分析等一系列手段,探讨烟蒂痕迹物证在犯罪现场的作用。方法运用法医物证、理化、病理学等方法检验烟蒂物证。结果以法医学检验获得的有关证据,建立、规范现场烟蒂的提取、检验、分析等一系列手段。结论烟蒂痕迹物证在犯罪现场有个人识别、犯罪现场重建和心理分析等作用,均有利于刑事犯罪案件的侦破和为法律诉讼服务。