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关键词： STANDARDIZATION   STANDARDIZED terms of contract   COLLECTIVE labor agreements   COST control   NEGOTIATION   INCENTIVES in industry  

摘要： Standard-form contracts are a common feature of commercial relationships because they offer the advantage of lower transaction costs. This advantage of standard contracts is increased when there is a second layer of standardization under which multiple firms agree on a standard contract. Trade associations and similar entities often effect standardization of this kind through collective agreement on a standard contract, sometimes under the aegis of state actors. Multifirm contract standardization can provide not only the usual transaction-cost advantages of standard-form contracts, but also increased competition among firms, because a standard contract makes comparison among firms' offerings easier. But standardization among firms also eliminates competition on the standardized terms, adding market power to bargaining power and making it less likely that the needs of all parties will be served. The collective formation of standard-form contracts has recently begun to receive academic attention. This attention, however, has for the most part focused on contract interpretation, emphasizing the fact of standardization and the nature of the standardizing entity. Less attention has been paid to issues of contractual fairness. Moreover, the competitive effects of contract standardization, which implicate primarily antitrust law, are distinct from those addressed by contract law. When sellers agree on contract terms, they eliminate competition among themselves on those terms. This sort of agreement can be undesirable even if the agreed-upon terms of the contract are fair and reasonable in themselves, because the standard contract can eliminate competition among reasonable terms. Fundamentally, the standardization of contracts is a standardization of the package offered to customers, in much the same way as is standardization of a product, and antitrust law has often been skeptical of such standardization. But contract standardization can also be viewed as altering not the

关键词： 双向信息不对称   激励相容失效   最优损失分摊合同  

摘要： 本文在经典委托代理理论的基础上,提出了多主体条件下所存在的双向信息不对称的信息结构,并证明了这种状态下的激励相容失效,尝试给出激励相容约束不成立条件下的最优损失分摊合同的选择,最后简要阐述该研究对我国商品流通体制改革的应用意义。

关键词： 法医学   胃内容   尸体解剖  

摘要： 案例1 2006年的某月某日有群众报警称，在本市某地的河中发现一具高度腐败的女性尸体，经调查证实，死者是已失踪72天的梁甲。

关键词： 连锁加盟   合同诈骗   侦查  

摘要： 连锁加盟式合同诈骗虽不是犯罪分子非法敛财的新手段,但是随着近一段时间"炒房热"的逐步退温,民间资本逐渐转向投资连锁加盟店等更为理性的项目。犯罪分子打着连锁加盟的旗号,对手中有闲余资金的群众大肆进行诈骗,犯罪手法更加隐蔽,社会危害性更大。本文拟从连锁加盟式合同诈骗的犯罪手法展开分析,对此类案件的侦查、打击进行研究。

关键词： LIS   HIS   信息管理  

摘要： 随着现代医学的发展，临床医生依赖实验诊断的数据日益增多，因此，检验科检验信息进行计算机管理以及检验结果及时反馈给临床医生就显得非常重要。由于信息技术的发展，检验科不再表现为传统观念上的人工检验，检验科已从传统的人工检验发展到使用实验室信息管理系统（LIS）把各类检疫、检验分析仪器，通过计算机实行联网，各类仪器数据结果的实时自动接收、自动控制仪器连接、数据采集、

关键词： 规范化   检验申请单   质量控制  

摘要： 众所周知,医院是一个高风险的行业,医疗服务的质量与病人的健康直接相关,而实验室的质量管理直接影响着临床检验的结果。随着临床检验诊断学的快速发展和更多更新的技术的应用,检验与临床的联系越来越密切,因此成为诊疗工作中的重要组成部分。

关键词： 检验检疫局   党组织   和谐   机关   分发   检验检疫事业   政治素质   领导班子  

摘要： 一、在构建和谐机关中,各级党组织具有决定性作用 1.＂家和万事兴＂的治局理念提高了广大干部职工的政治素质,为建设和谐机关奠定了思想基础。2008年,广东检验检疫局新领导班子一组成,党组书记、局长李延辉同志就有针对性地提出了＂家和万事兴＂的治局理念。两年来,＂家和万事兴＂的治局理念已成为广东检验检疫事业发展的保证。

关键词： Negative affectivity   Emotion regulation   Anxiety   Depression   Youth   Structural equation modeling   REGULATION STRATEGIES   EFFORTFUL CONTROL   POLYMORPHISM 5-HTTLPR   TRIPARTITE MODEL   AFFECTIVE STYLE   TEMPERAMENT   DISORDERS   PERSONALITY   IMPULSIVITY   METAANALYSIS  

摘要： The relationship between negative affectivity (NA) and emotion regulation (ER) in determining anxiety and depressive symptomatology was examined in a large (n = 1441) sample of adolescents (12-17 years old). Two models, diverging only as to inclusion or exclusion of a path from NA to negative ER, were analyzed through structural equation modeling: the goal was to explore the mediational or non-mediational role of ER in determining anxiety symptoms. The models yielded similar adequate fit to data, indicating that both NA and negative ER contribute to anxiety symptoms which, in turn, significantly determine depressive symptomatology. The mediational model better captures the relationships revealed in the data, with NA determining negative ER to a great extent Additionally, most individuals scoring highly in NA also tend to score highly in negative ER, indicating that adolescents with heightened NA are prone to a dysfunctional style of ER. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES   MICROARRAY EXPERIMENTS   CLASSIFIERS  

摘要： Background: Data generated using 'omics' technologies are characterized by high dimensionality, where the number of features measured per subject vastly exceeds the number of subjects in the study. In this paper, we consider issues relevant in the design of biomedical studies in which the goal is the discovery of a subset of features and an associated algorithm that can predict a binary outcome, such as disease status. We compare the performance of four commonly used classifiers (K-Nearest Neighbors, Prediction Analysis for Microarrays, Random Forests and Support Vector Machines) in high-dimensionality data settings. We evaluate the effects of varying levels of signal-to-noise ratio in the dataset, imbalance in class distribution and choice of metric for quantifying performance of the classifier. To guide study design, we present a summary of the key characteristics of 'omics' data profiled in several human or animal model experiments utilizing high-content mass spectrometry and multiplexed immunoassay based techniques. Results: The analysis of data from seven 'omics' studies revealed that the average magnitude of effect size observed in human studies was markedly lower when compared to that in animal studies. The data measured in human studies were characterized by higher biological variation and the presence of outliers. The results from simulation studies indicated that the classifier Prediction Analysis for Microarrays (PAM) had the highest power when the class conditional feature distributions were Gaussian and outcome distributions were balanced. Random Forests was optimal when feature distributions were skewed and when class distributions were unbalanced. We provide a free open-source R statistical software library (MVpower) that implements the simulation strategy proposed in this paper. Conclusion: No single classifier had optimal performance under all settings. Simulation studies provide useful guidance for the design of biomedical studies involving high-di

关键词： 安全生产   检测检验   矿山安全  

摘要： 对安全生产检测检验在矿山安全生产中所发挥的作用进行了分析,安全生产检测检验为政府部门监管监察提供技术支撑、为矿用产品安全认证提供测试数据,为矿山安全生产事故调查提供物证分析依据,是淘汰矿山在用落后设备、消除安全生产事故隐患的重要手段,为安全评价提供技术支持,为矿山安全生产提供技术咨询服务。在安全生产形势仍然严峻的大背景下,随着全社会对矿山安全生产的日益重视,安全生产检测检验在矿山安全生产中必将发挥越来越重要的作用。